• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.73-83
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• 1983

단백질(蛋白質)의 상호보충(相互補充) 및 제한(制限)아미노산 보충(補充)이 흰쥐(Sprague Dawley계(系) 이유(離乳)한 숫쥐)의 성장(成長), 체내대사(體內代謝) 및 체조성(體組成)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 규명하기 위하여 사양(飼養) 및 대사실험(代謝實驗)을 실시(實施)하였다. 실험사료(實驗飼料)의 에너지 및 단백질(蛋白質) 수준(水準)은 각각 3,600kcal/㎏ 및 20%로 고정하였고, 단백질(蛋白質)의 공급원(供給源)으로 카제인과 대두단백질(大豆蛋白質)을 택(擇)하여 각각 100:0, 80:20, 50:50, 20:80, 0:100의 비율(比率)로 혼합(混合)하였으며 각각에 methionine을 0% 또는 0.3%로 보충(補充)하였던 결과를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 흰쥐의 체중(體重)과 증체량(增體量)은 대두단백질(大豆蛋白質) 단독(單獨) 급여(給與) 때 가장 낮았고 카제인의 혼합비율(混合比率)을 증가(增加)시킬 수록 증가(增加)되었다. 대두단백질(大豆蛋白質)에 methionine을 보충급여(補充給與)했을 때 증체량(增體量)은 무보충(無補充) 혼합(混合) 급여(給與)했을 때와 동일(同一)했으며 카제인 단독(單獨) 급여(給與)때 보다 카제인 혼합(混合) methionine 보충(補充) 급여(給與)에서 증체량(增體量)은 더 높았다. 사료섭취량(飼料攝取量)은 카제인 단독급여(單獨給與) 때나 카제인의 혼합비율(混合比率)을 증가(增加)시킬 때 높았으나 meihionine을 보충(補充)했을 때 저하(低下)되었으며 대두단백질(大豆蛋白質) 단독급여(單獨給與)에서 낮았으며 methionine을 보충(補充)해도 증가(增加)되지 않았다. 사료효율(飼料效率)은 카제인이나 대두단백질(大豆蛋白質)의 단독(單獨) 급여(給與)때보다 두 단백질(蛋白質)의 혼합급여(混合給與) 때 더 높았으며 단독급여(單獨給與)에 methionine을 보충(補充)함으로써 사료효율(飼料效率)이 증가(增加)되었으나 혼합급여(混合給與)에 보충(補充)했을 때에는 같은 효과(效果)를 보이지 않았다. 성장실험기간중(成長實驗期間中) 총(總)에너지섭취량(攝取量)은 사료(飼料) 섭취량(攝取量)과 관계가 있었고 카제인 단독급여(單獨給與) 때나 그의 혼합비율(混合比率)을 증가(增加)시킬 때 증가(增加)했다. 에너지효율(效率)과 단백질효율(蛋白質效率)은 두 단백질(蛋白質)을 단독급여(單獨給與)할 때에는 methionine보충(補充)에 의해 증가(增加) 되었으며 또한 혼합급여(混合給與) 때에는 대두단백질(大豆蛋白質)의 비율(比率)을 증가(增加)시킬 수록 methionine에 의한 개선효과(改善效果)를 보였다. 질소섭취량(窒素攝取量) 및 카제인 뇨질소량(尿窒素量)은 단독급여(單獨給與) 했을 때 가장 높았고, 대두단백질(大豆蛋白質) 단독급여(單獨給與) 때 가장 낮았으며 카제인의 비율(比率)을 증가(增加)시킬 수로 증가(增加)되었다. 질소균형(窒素均衡) 및 축적율(蓄積率)은 처리(處理)에 의한 차이(差異)에 통계적(統計的) 유의성(有意性)은 없었다. 대사실험기간중(代謝實驗期間中) 총(總)에너지섭취량(攝取量)과 분(糞) 및 뇨(尿)에너지는 카제인 단독급여(單獨給與) 때 높았고, 가소화(可消化) 에너지와 대사(代謝)에너지, 에너지의 소화율(消化率) 및 리용율(利用率)은 처리(處理)에 의한 유의차(有意差)는 없었다. 체지방(體脂肪)은 methionine보충(補充)에 의해 증가(增加)되었으나, 체단백질(體蛋白質)은 감소(減少)했다(r=0.65, p<0.01). 체지방(體脂肪)과 체수분(體水分)과도 부(負)의 상관관계(相關關係)(r=-0.83, p<0.01)가 있었다. 간(肝)의 무게는 도체(屠體)의 무게의 변화(變化)와 일치(一致)했고 (r=0.79, p<0.01) methionine보충(補充)에 의해 증가(增加) 되었으며 카제인의 비율(比率)을 증가(增加)시킬 수록 증가(增加)되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1258-1265
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• 2007

Metabolizable energy (ME) required for basal metabolism, activity and growth was considered as the criterion for targeting specific increases in body weight (100 g/week) of broiler chicks during the grower phase (5-20 weeks) and its impact was evaluated on breeder performance. Broiler female chicks (460) from a synthetic dam line were randomly distributed to 4 test groups with 23 replicates of 5 birds each and housed in cages. The first group (ME-100) was offered a calculated amount of ME by providing a measured quantity of grower diet (160 g protein and 2,600 kcal ME/kg) which increased with age and weight gain (133-294 kcal/bird/day). The other three groups were offered 10 or 20% less ME (ME-90 and ME-80, respectively) and 10% excess ME (ME-110) over the control group (ME-100). From 21 weeks of age, a single breeder diet (170 g protein and 2,600 kcal ME/kg) was uniformly fed to all groups and the impact of grower ME restriction on breeder performance evaluated up to 58 weeks. The targeted body weight gain of 1,600 g in a 16-week period was achieved by pullets of the ME-100 group almost one week earlier by gaining 8.7 g more weight per week. However, pullets in the ME-90 group gained 1,571 g during the same period, which was closer to the targeted weight. At 20 weeks of age, the conversion efficiency of feed (5.21-5.37), ME (13.9-14.1 kcal/g weight gain) and protein (0.847-0.871 g/g weight gain), eviscerated meat yield, giblet and tibia weights were not influenced by ME restriction, but the weights of abdominal fat and liver were higher with increased ME intake. Reduction of ME by 10% in the grower period significantly delayed sexual maturity (169.3 d), but increased egg production (152.5 /bird) with better persistency. Improved conversion efficiency of feed, ME and protein per g egg content were also observed in this group up to 56 weeks. The fertility and hatchability at 58 weeks of age were higher in the ME-90 group compared to the control and 10% excess ME feeding. In conclusion, the present study revealed the possibility of achieving targeted weight gain in broiler growers by feeding measured quantities of ME during the rearing period with consequential benefits in breeder performance.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.76-91
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• 2002

The lipid lowering and antioxidant effects of Gansoo(BL18), Pungji(GB20) and Eumnungcheun(SP9) acupuncture in rats fed high fat diet were analyzed in biochemical and molecular biological aspects. The results obtained from this study are as follows : 1. In the body weight reduction, all acupuncture groups showed a high reduction compared to those of control group and in acupuncture groups, Gansoo(BL18) and Pungji(GB20) acupuncture groups showed a high reduction. 2. The concentration of plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol with acupuncture groups showed a little decrease and in acupuncture groups, Gansoo(BL18) and Pungji(GB20) groups showed a low values compared to those of other acupuncture groups. However, the tendency of HDL-cholesterol concentration showed no significant different. 3. The concentration of plasma ${\beta}-lipoprotein$ and free fatty acids showed a lowest values in the Gansoo(BL18) and Pungji(GB20) acupuncture groups and the glucose concentration showed to decrease in all treated acupuncture groups. 4. The concentration of liver total cholesterol and triglyceride in Gansoo(BL18) and Pungji(GB20) acupuncture groups showed a lower values than those of control group. 5. In all the acupuncture groups, the plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) activity showed a little decrease. In the glutamic pyruvate activity(GPT), Gansoo(BL18) and Pungji(GB20) acupuncture groups showed a lower values than those of control groups. However the values of eumneungcheun acupuncture only group showed no significant difference to those of control group. 6. The plasma and liver Thiobabituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentration in Gansoo(BL18) and Pungji(GB20) acupuncture groups were a lower than those of control group. However the values of eumneungcheun acupuncture group showed no significant difference to control group. 7. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in Gansoo(BL18) acupuncture group and Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in Gansoo(BL18) and Pungji(GB20) acupuncture groups showed a high values. The catalase (CAT) activity in all the acupuncture groups showed a higher values than those of control group. 8. In acupuncture groups, DNA expression of Apo-B and Apo-E showed a tendency to decrease, however DNA expression of leptin showed no significant difference in all treatment groups. DNA expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ showed a increase in acupuncture groups. These results indicate that Gansoo(BL18) and Pungji(GB20) (especially Gansoo(BL18)) acupuncture affect the lipid metabolism and showed possibility of lowering adipose tissue mass and lipid peroxidation.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2007

8주령의 F1B golden Syrian 햄스터에게 동맥경화 유발식이와 함께 녹차 추출물을 각각 500 혹은 1,000 mg/kg b.w.의 양을 매일 경구투여하면서 6주간 사육하였을 때 햄스터 체내의 지질대사와 대동맥 내에서의 지방의 축적 정도에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 실험 결과 녹차추출물의 경구투여는 동맥경화유발식이를 섭취하는 햄스터의 혈중 중성지방과 총콜레스테롤치를 농도의존적으로 감소시켰고, 대동맥궁내에서의 지방의 축적을 예방하였다. 특히 녹차추출물 1,000 mg/kg b.w. 투여는 동맥경화유발식이를 섭취한 햄스터에서 간장내의 LDL receptor mRNA level을 증가시키는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때 녹차 추출물의 투여는 동맥경화유발식이를 섭취한 햄스터의 혈중 콜레스테롤치를 감소시키고 LDL receptor의 발현을 증가시킴으로써 동맥경화를 예방할 수 있음을 보여주었다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2013

Quantities as well as distributions of adipose tissue (AT) are significantly related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and can be altered with caloric restriction. This study investigated which cross-sectional slice location of AT is most strongly correlated with changes in CVD risk factors after caloric restriction in obese Korean women. Thirty-three obese pre-menopausal Korean women ($32.4{\pm}8.5$ yrs, BMI $27.1{\pm}2.3\;kg/m^2$) participated in a 12 weeks caloric restriction program. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were measured using computed tomography (CT) scans at the sites of L2-L3, L3-L4, and L4-L5. Fasting serum levels of glucose, insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), leptin and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were observed. Pearson's partial correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationship between AT measurement sites and changes in CVD risk factors after calorie restriction. When calories were reduced by 350 kcal/day for 12 weeks, body weight (-2.7%), body fat mass (-8.2%), and waist circumference (-5.8%) all decreased (P < 0.05). In addition, following caloric restriction, serum levels of glucose (-4.6%), TC (-6.2%), LDL-C (-5.3%), leptin (-17.6%) and HOMA-IR (-18.2%) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as well. Changes in VAT at the level of L3-L4 were significantly greater than those at other abdominal sites, and these changes were correlated with changes in TC (P < 0.05), LDL-C (P < 0.001), SBP (P < 0.001) and HOMA-IR (P < 0.01). These results show that VAT at L3-L4 had a stronger correlation with CVD risk factors than with other AT measurement sites after caloric restriction.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.569-579
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the urinary Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Mn levels and bone mineral density (BMD) in sixty-two postmenopausal women. The study was conducted through anthropometric checkup, 24-hour recall, 24-hour urine and bone mineral density using DEXA. Average age, height, weight and body fat of the subjects were respectively 65.39 years, 150.19 cm, 58.03 kg and 37.22%. The average spine and femoral neck BMD of subjects were -2.19, -3.13. The mean intakes of Ca, P and Mg were 524.7 mg, 993.10 mg, and 254.6 mg and those of Zn, Cu and Mn were 8.6 mg, 1.5 mg, and 3.5 mg. The average 24-hour urinary excretion of Ca (UCa), P (UP) and Mg (UMg) were 161.07 mg, 673.68 mg, and 99.87 mg. The average 24-hour urinary excretion of Zn (UZn), Cu (UCu) and Mn (UMn) were 366.50 ${\mu}g$, 22.57 ${\mu}g$, and 1.55 ${\mu}g$. Ca intake showed significantly positive correlations with urinary UCa (p < 0.05), UMg (p < 0.01) and spine BMD (p < 0.05). P intake showed significantly positive correlations with UCa (p < 0.05), UMg (p < 0.05) and UZn (p < 0.05). Mg intake showed significantly positive correlations with UZn (p < 0.05) and Mn intake showed significantly positive correlations with UCa (p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis indicates that Ca intake and UMg is the most important factor to increase spine BMD. On the other hand, UCa is the most important factor to decrease spine BMD. Higher femoral neck BMD was related to UP, while lower femoral neck BMD was related to UCa. In conclusion, Dietary intake of Ca showed positive effect of spine BMD, while excessive P intake showed negative effect on BMD due to increases in UCa, UMg and UZn. Further studies are required to investigate the relationship between bone metabolism and mineral excretion.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.37-45
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• 1981

The importance of thyroid hormones for the survival of rats in the cold is along-established fact. Hypothyroid animals are unable to survive in a cold environment. It was also reported that acute exposure of rats, guinea pigs and rabbits to cold produced an increased secretion of TSH and thereby thyroid hormone secretion within 10 to 30 min, but this increase of thyroid activity disappeared quite rapidly during warming. However, in human study no significant difference was found in the concentration of $T_4$, TSH and cortisol between summer and winter. But plasma $T_3$ concentration was increased significantly in winter in 56 adult men. On the other hand, it has been also known that catecholamines are important in the maintenance of body temperature of rat exposured to cold. Abundant evidences suggest that the sympathetic nervous system is involved in the activation of nonshivering thermogenesis and that thyroid hormone metabolism and secretion are influenced by catecholamines and consequently by the activity of the sympatheticadrenal system. Many of the metabolic effects of catecholamines are associated with an increase in the level of cAMP mediated through activation of adenylate cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP. Other studies have shown that thyroid hormones affect the amount of adenylate cyclase present in the adipose tissue. On the other hand. it was also reported that a particulate cAMP phosphodiesterase activity in fat cells was modulated by the action of thyroid hormones. The objective of the present study was to determine the interaction between thyroid activity and cyclic nucleotides during acute exposure to cold. Albino rats weighing around 200 g were used as the experimental animal. The room temperature group was kept at $25^{\circ}C$ and the cold-exposured group was kept at $4^{\circ}C$ for 1 week or 2 weeks. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups; control, KI, and MTU group. At the end of experiment the animals were etherized and blood was taken from abdominal aorta for $T_4,\;T_3$ and cyclic nucleotides. The determinations of $T_3,\;T_4$ and cyclic nucleotides were carried out with a radioimmunoassay(RIA) method. The results were summerized as followings. 1) A significant increase of thyroid weight was observed in rats exposured to cold for 2 weeks. Furthermore, in rats administered MTU while to exposure to cold the thyroid weight was also increased significantly. 2) After 2 weeks $T_3$ concentration in the plasma of cold-exposured rats was significantly increased in KI group and MTU group as well as in control group. On the contrary, after 2 weeks of cold exposure $T_4$ level was decreased in control group. 3) In the case of cyclic nucleotides, plasma cAMP was increased in the control group after 1 or 2 weeks of cold exposure. However, cAMP level in plasma was rather significantly decreased in KI group and MTU group as well as in control group.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.414-420
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• 1998

식이성지방 n-6/n-3비(1 : 2) 및 포화지방산:단순불포화지방산:다가불포화지방산비(1:1:1)를 일정하게 조정한 조건하에서 n-3계 지방산, ${\alpha}-LA(C_{18:3}),\;EPA(C_{20:5}),\;DHA(C_{22:6})$를 함유시킨 식이를 조제하여 성장기 SD-계 흰쥐 수컷에 2주간 급여하여 간장, 혈청의 Triacylglycerol(TG)농도 및 간장 TG 합성에 관여하는 효소 활성에 대하여 검토하였다. 본 실험에 사용한 EPA 및 DHA 는 순도 98%로서 고도로 정제한 ethyl ester 형태로 식이에 첨가하였다. 그 결과, ${\alpha}-LA$군에 비하여 EPA군 및 DHA군에서 간장 및 혈청 TG 농도는 유의적으로 감소하였으나, 총콜레스테롤 농도는 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 간장의 인지질 농도는 DHA군에서만 유의적으로 증가하였다. 간장 막 결합성 phosphatidate phosphohydrolas(PAP)성은 간장TG 농도와 같은 경향으로서 EPA와 DHA군에서 유의하게 감소하였으며 Diacylglycerol acyltransferase(DGAT) 활성은 각 군간에는 변화가 없었다. 따라서, 간장TG 농도와 간장 막결합성 PAP활성과의 사이에 높은 상관관계(r=0.84)를 나타내어 간장TG 합성억제가 인정되었다. 지방산 합성계 효소의 활성도는 EPA및 DHA군에서 감소하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 n-3계 지방산, EPA 및 DHA에 의한 간장 및 혈청 TG 농도의 감소는 막 결합형 PAE 활성과 저해에 의한 간장TG 합성 및 지방산 합성 저해가 관여하는 것이 시사되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.455-461
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• 2013

Retinoids regulate not only various cell functions including proliferation and differentiation but also glucose and lipid metabolism. After we observed a marked up-regulation of cellular retinol-binding protein-I (CRBP-I) in the liver of hepatitis B virus x antigen (HBx)-transgenic (HBx Tg) mice which are prone to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and fatty liver, we aimed to evaluate retinoid pathway, including genes for the retinoid physiology, CRBP-I protein expression, and retinoid levels, in the liver of HBx Tg mice. We also assessed the effect of chronic metformin treatment on HCC development in the mice. Many genes involved in hepatic retinoid physiology, including CRBP-I, were altered and the tissue levels of retinol and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) were elevated in the liver of HBx Tg mice compared to those of wild type (WT) control mice. CRBP-I protein expression in liver, but not in white adipose tissue, of HBx Tg mice was significantly elevated compared to WT control mice while CRBP-I protein expressions in the liver and WAT of high-fat fed obese and db/db mice were comparable to WT control mice. Chronic treatment of HBx Tg mice with metformin did not affect the incidence of HCC, but slightly increased hepatic CRBP-I level. In conclusion, hepatic CRBP-I level was markedly up-regulated in HCC-prone HBx Tg mice and neither hepatic CRBP-I nor the development of HCC was suppressed by metformin treatment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.232-236
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• 2008

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of two energy levels and four lysine:digestible energy (DE) ratios on the apparent digestibility of nutrients in finishing pigs. The experiment was conducted using a $2{\times}4$ randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replicates. Twenty-four cross-bred finishing barrows ((Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc) with an average body weight of $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ were assigned to one of eight treatments. Each barrow was placed in an individual metabolism crate and dietary treatment and water was provided ad libitum. Diets were designed to contain lysine:ME ratios of 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.4 g/Mcal at 3.35 and 3.6 Mcal/kg of diet in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Dry matter (DM), ash, Ca and P digestibility were not affected by energy density or lysine:DE ratios. Crude fat digestibility increased as the energy density increased from 3.35 to 3.6 Mcal of DE/kg. Increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased crude protein digestibility. There were no interactions between energy density and lysine:DE ratio in terms of nutrient digestibility. Nitrogen excretion via feces was not affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio, while nitrogen excretion via urine was significantly affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for isoluecine, arginine and aspartic acid as well as average values of essential amino (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acid digestibility (p>0.05) were not affected by energy density. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for leucine, proline, alanine and tyrosine, NEAA and total amino acid digestibility were significantly affected by lysine: DE ratio (p<0.05). Interactive effects of energy and lysine:DE ratio also significantly affected amino acid digestibility except for isoleucine, alanine, cystine, leucine, phenylalanine, glutamine and proline (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that maintaining the appropriate lysine:DE ratio becomes more important as the energy density of the diet increases. Consequently, increasing the lysine:DE ratio can result in increased crude protein digestibility and urinary nitrogen excretion, although apparent protein digestibility and nitrogen excretion were not affected by energy density Furthermore, increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased the apparent digestibility of essential amino acids, except for leucine, regardless of energy density. The optimum lysine:DE ratio for maximum essential amino acid digestibility of the $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ pig is approximately 2.4 g of lysine/Mcal of DE.