• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.754-760
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• 2013

Background Classical flaps for perinasal defect reconstruction, such as forehead or nasolabial flaps, have some disadvantages involving limitations of the arc of rotation and two stages of surgery. However, a perforator-based flap is more versatile and allows freedom in flap design. We introduced our experience with reconstruction using a facial artery perforator-based propeller flap on the perinasal area. We describe the surgical differences between different defect subtypes. Methods Between December 2005 and August 2013, 10 patients underwent perinasal reconstruction in which a facial artery perforator-based flap was used. We divided the perinasal defects into types A and B, according to location. The operative results, including flap size, arc of rotation, complications, and characteristics of the perforator were evaluated by retrospective chart review and photographic evaluation. Results Eight patients were male and 2 patients were female. Their mean age was 61 years (range, 35-75 years). The size of the flap ranged from $1cm{\times}1.5cm$ to $3cm{\times}6cm$. Eight patients healed uneventfully, but 2 patients presented with mild flap congestion. However, these 2 patients healed by conservative management without any additional surgery. All of the flaps survived completely with aesthetically pleasing results. Conclusions The facial artery perforator-based flap allowed for versatile customized flaps, and the donor site scar was concealed using the natural nasolabial fold.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.438-445
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• 2016

Background The goal of reconstruction is to provide coverage of exposed vital structures with well-vascularized tissue for optimal restoration of form and function. Here, we present our clinical experience with the use of the scapular fascial free flap to correct facial asymmetry and to reconstruct soft tissue defects of the extremities. Methods We used a scapular fascial free flap in 12 cases for soft tissue coverage of the extremities or facial soft tissue augmentation. Results The flaps ranged in size from $3{\times}12$ to $13{\times}23$ cm. No cases of total loss of the flap occurred. Partial loss of the flap occurred in 1 patient, who was treated with a turnover flap using the adjacent scapular fascial flap and a skin graft. Partial loss of the skin graft occurred in 4 patients due to infection or hematoma beneath the graft, and these patients underwent another skin graft. Four cases of seroma at the donor site occurred, and these cases were treated with conservative management or capsulectomy and quilting sutures. Conclusions The scapular fascial free flap has many advantages, including a durable surface for restoration of form and contours, a large size with a constant pedicle, adequate surface for tendon gliding, and minimal donor-site scarring. We conclude that despite the occurrence of a small number of complications, the scapular fascial free flap should be considered to be a viable option for soft tissue coverage of the extremities and facial soft tissue augmentation.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.161-171
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• 2004

Objectives: Sasang Constitutional Medicine is popularly appliedto treatment in Korea. Constitution is a holistic concept contained internal and external characteristics, and physical traits including ordinary symptoms. Skin is one of constitutional property elements. So we researched a correlation female facial skin and sasang constitution. This is a basic study to find constitution can be a major factor to care and manage skin. Methods: We examined sasang constitution and facial skin condition of 100 healthy women who aged from 30 to 59. Hydration and sebum of facial skin was measured by skin diagnostic instrument and skin type was calculated from the data. Keratin, pore size, acne, and brightness of face was measured by skin magnifying lens and subjective skin troubles in ordinary times was also investigated. Constitution diagnosis and Skin diagnosis was investigated separately as a blind test andthe data was statistically analyzed with chi-square test, Correlation analysis, One-way analysis of variance. Results: 1. In sasang constitution, Taeeumingroup bad significant tendencies of larger hydration and sebum amount, combination degree of forehead and cheek was also higher than other constitutions(p<0.05). 2. Facial skin type was significantly different according to Sasang Constitution, Soeumin and Soyangin had a tendency of dry skin comparatively, but Taeeumin had mainly a tendency of combination skin and secondly dry skin(p<0.05). On the other hand, there was no correlation between age and skin type. 3. In subjective skin trouble, Soeumin group had less acne trouble than Soyangin and Taeeumin group(p<0.1). Pore size trouble was more frequent in Soyangin group than Soeumin group(p<0.05). Keratin trouble was more frequent in Soeumin group than Soyangin and Taeumin group(p<0.1). Conclusions: Korean healthy women's skin condition was different according to sasang constitution.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2008

In this paper, we designed a facial feature(eyes, a moult and a nose) detection hardware based on the ICT transform which was developed for face detection earlier. Our design used a pipeline architecture for high throughput and it also tried to reduce memory size and memory access rate. The algerian and its hardware implementation were tested on the BioID database, which is a worldwide face detection test bed, and its facial feature detection rate was 100% both in software and hardware, assuming the face boundary was correctly detected. After synthesizing the hardware on Dongbu $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS library, its die size was $376,821{\mu}m^2$ with the maximum operating clock 78MHz.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.569-576
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• 2000

The GST can extract the position of facial features without a prior information in an image. However, this method requires a plenty of the processing time because the mask size to process GST must be larger than the size of object such as eye, mouth and nose in an image. In addition, it has the complexity for the computation of middle line to decide facial features. In this paper, we proposed two methods to overcome these disadvantage of the conventional method. First, we used the reduced image having enough information instead of an original image to decrease the processing time. Second, we used the extracted peak positions instead of the complex statistical processing to get the middle lines. To analyze the performance of the proposed method, we tested 200 images including, the front, rotated, spectacled, and mustached facial images. In result, the proposed method shows 85% in the performance of feature extraction and can reduce the processing time over 53 times, compared with existing method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.92-101
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• 2001

This article reviewed previous studies on the 3D face recognition and anthropometric facial analysis to design suitable respirators for individuals. 3D facial anthropometric data have not been reported in Korea yet. With 3D facial data, it is possible to design and to manufacture respirators having more effective respirator-face seal and thus providing more comfortable wearing than donning of those respirators designed using 1 and 2-dimensional data. Also 3D data could be used for respirator fit-testing and selecting suitable respirator type and size by computer simulation without several steps of fit-test to each individual worker.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2000.07a
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• pp.11-14
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• 2000

In this paper, we propose a fast and practical head pose estimation scheme fur eye-head controlled human computer interface with non-constrained background. The method we propose uses complete graph matching from thresholded images and the two blocks showing the greatest similarity are selected as eyes, we also locate mouth and nostrils in turn using the eye location information and size information. The average computing time of the image(360*240) is within 0.2(sec) and we employ template matching method using angles between facial features for head pose estimation. It has been tested on several sequential facial images with different illuminating conditions and varied head poses, It returned quite a satisfactory performance in both speed and accuracy.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.235-238
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• 2012

Facial prosthesis is generally considered over surgical reconstruction to restore function and appearance in patients with facial defects that resulted from cancer resection. Retention of the prosthesis is challenging due to its size and weight. Retention can be achieved by using medical grade adhesives, resilient attachments, clips and osseointegrated implants. It can also be connected to obturator by magnets. This clinical report highlights the rehabilitation of a lateral midfacial defect with a two piece prosthesis that included an extra oral facial prosthesis and an intraoral obturator with the use of magnets.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.45-48
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• 2010

Purpose: After surgical interventions of mandible fractures, facial asymmetry can be occurred, and it leads to serious problems for patients. This can be solved by mandible angle ostectomy. Methods: A 19-year-old male underwent percutaneous surgical intervention for left mandibular angle and right parasymphyseal fractures 3.5 years ago. The left angle was protruded compared to the other side. Using a percutaneous approach, $4.5{\times}1cm$ sized piece of mandible angle was sawed off. For the right angle, intraoral approach was performed for angle ostectomy, and the angle was sawed off by a size of $4{\times}1cm$, using a pattern based on the piece from the left side. Results: After surgery, no complications such as subcondylar fractures, refractures, insufficient corrections, secondary angle formations, hematomas, and transient nerve palsies were seen, and symmetric correction of mandible angles were done. Conclusion: In facial asymmetries due to mandibular fractures, mandible ostectomy could be a solution. Using the bone section from the contralateral side, measurement of the amount of bone sawed off was possible, and via percutaneous approach on the previously operated site with simultaneous scar revision, and intraoral approach for the contralateral side, cosmetically satisfactory result was obtained.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1383-1392
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• 2014

In this paper, we proposed a method to automatically determine the optimal radius through multi-scale LBP operation generalizing the size of radius variation and boosting learning in facial emotion recognition. When we looked at the distribution of features vectors, the most common was $LBP_{8.1}$ of 31% and sum of $LBP_{8.1}$ and $LBP_{8.2}$ was 57.5%, $LBP_{8.3}$, $LBP_{8.4}$, and $LBP_{8.5}$ were respectively 18.5%, 12.0%, and 12.0%. It was found that the patterns of relatively greater radius express characteristics of face well. In case of normal and anger, $LBP_{8.1}$ and $LBP_{8.2}$ were mainly distributed. The distribution of $LBP_{8.3}$ is greater than or equal to the that of $LBP_{8.1}$ in laugh and surprise. It was found that the radius greater than 1 or 2 was useful for a specific emotion recognition. The facial expression recognition rate of proposed multi-scale LBP method was 97.5%. This showed the superiority of proposed method and it was confirmed through various experiments.