• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.11-16
• /
• 2003

This Paper extracts the edge of main components of face with Gator wavelets transformation in facial expression images. FCM(Fuzzy C-Means) clustering algorithm then extracts the representative feature points of low dimensionality from the edge extracted in neutral face. The feature-points of the neutral face is used as a template to extract the feature-points of facial expression images. To match point to Point feature points on an expression face against each feature point on a neutral face, it consists of two steps using a dynamic linking model, which are called the coarse mapping and the fine mapping. This paper presents an automatic extraction of feature-points by dynamic linking model based on Gabor wavelets and fuzzy C-means(FCM) algorithm. The result of this study was applied to extract features automatically in facial expression recognition based on dimension[1].

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.42
• /
• pp.20.1-20.7
• /
• 2020

Background: Anterior open bite is a challenging malocclusion to correct orthodontic treatment. Anterior open bite associated with over-erupted posterior teeth and long lower facial height should be treated by reduction of posterior dimension for esthetic results. Although the possibility of orthodontic treatment of an anterior open bite has increased with the introduction of skeletal anchorage, there are still cases requiring surgery for various reasons. Case presentation: This case report covers an anterior open bite of a 25-year-old man successfully treated with the posterior maxillary segmental osteotomy (PMSO) and miniplates. After the pre-surgical orthodontic treatment, the PMSO between canines and first premolars was performed under local anesthesia and miniplates were placed on the zygomatic buttress. As a result of 28 months of treatment, an impaction amount of 3.5 mm was obtained in the maxillary posterior teeth, and the facial esthetics improved at rest and smile. Conclusion: The impaction of the posterior dentoalveolar segment using the PMSO can be a good treatment option in patients with anterior open bite showing long lower facial height.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.9-19
• /
• 2012

Virtual human used as HCI in digital contents expresses his various emotions across modalities like facial expression and body posture. However, few studies considered combinations of such nonverbal multimodal in emotion perception. Computational engine models have to consider how a combination of nonverbal modal like facial expression and body posture will be perceived by users to implement emotional virtual human, This paper proposes the impacts of nonverbal multimodal in design of emotion expressed virtual human. First, the relative impacts are analysed between different modals by exploring emotion recognition of modalities for virtual human. Then, experiment evaluates the contribution of the facial and postural congruent expressions to recognize basic emotion categories, as well as the valence and activation dimensions. Measurements are carried out to the impact of incongruent expressions of multimodal on the recognition of superposed emotions which are known to be frequent in everyday life. Experimental results show that the congruence of facial and postural expression of virtual human facilitates perception of emotion categories and categorical recognition is influenced by the facial expression modality, furthermore, postural modality are preferred to establish a judgement about level of activation dimension. These results will be used to implementation of animation engine system and behavior syncronization for emotion expressed virtual human.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.293-304
• /
• 1990

The purpose of this study was to describe the morphologic differences between long-face adults and normal-face adults on the lateral and P-A cephalograms. Long-face and normal-face subifects were selected clinically, and then each of them was taken the lateral cephalogram. According to SN-MP angle and ATFH on the lateral cephalogram, long-face group and normal-face group were classified. 2 long-face adults and 18 normal-face adults were collected, and each of them was taken the P-A cephalogram. The results were as follows: 1. The morphologic differences between long-face adults and normal-face adults were closely related to mandibular morphology. 2. Long-face adults, compared with normal-face adults, demonstrated significant increase in ALFH, and significant decrease in ramus height. 3. Long-face adults, compared with normal-face adults, demonstrated significant increase in AUDH and, ALDH, especially in ALDH. 4. On the P-A cephalogram, no measures of transverse dimension demonstrated significant differences between two groups. 5. On the P-A cephalogram, facial height/facial width ratio was significantly larger than normal in the long-face adults, and in the normal-face adults, facial height/facial width ratio was approximately 90%. 6. In the correlation analysis of SN-MP angle and ATFH with all the other variables, the correlation coefficients of SN-MP angle and PTFH/ATFH that of ATFH and ALFH on the lateral cephalogram demonstrated the highest value, and on the P-A cephalogram, SN-MP angle and Cg-GA-Me (Lt.), ATFH and lower facial height demonstrated the highest value of correlation coefficients.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.41-50
• /
• 2003

We tested the capability of the pleasure and arousal dimension-based facial expression synthesis system and proposed the most effective interface for it. First, we tried to confirm the adequateness of the dimensional model as a basic structure of the internal states for the system. Fer it, subjects compared the 17 facial expressions on the two axes. The results validated the fundamental hypothesis of the system. Second, we chose 21 representative expressions from the system to test its performance and had subjects rate their similarities. We analyzed these data using multidimensional scaling methods and these results verified the system's reliability. Third, we compared the efficiencies of two interfaces -coordinate values and slide bars- to find the most suitable interface for the system. Subjects synthesise 25 facial expressions with each interface of it. The results showed that the visualization of two dimensional values into Cartesian coordinate is more stable as an input display of facial expression synthesis system based on dimensions.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.20-27
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare the consistency of external ear measurements obtained by electronic digital caliper, photocopier scanning and digital photographic methods. Photogrammetric measurements were made after image editing software was used to optimize the brightness, contrast, size and image clarity. The CorelDRAW dimension tool was used to create a dimension line that measured the vertical and horizontal length between any two landmarks. Results of repeated measures analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in length and width of the pinna between the three methods. The reliability of the three measurement techniques showed a high degree of consistency. Further study and efforts could be extended to measurement hands, foots and facial dimensions by present techniques.

• International Journal of Contents
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.1-5
• /
• 2007

This paper proposes a technique for principal component analysis (PCA) to raise the recognition rate of a front face in a low dimension by hierarchical image and parallel processing structure. The conventional PCA shows a recognition rate of less than 50% in a low dimension (dimensions 1 to 6) when used for facial recognition. In this paper, a face is formed as images of 3 fixed-size levels: the 1st being a region around the nose, the 2nd level a region including the eyes, nose, and mouth, and the 3rd level image is the whole face. PCA of the 3-level images is treated by parallel processing structure, and finally their similarities are combined for high recognition rate in a low dimension. The proposed method under went experimental feasibility study with ORL face database for evaluation of the face recognition function. The experimental demonstration has been done by PCA and the proposed method according to each level. The proposed method showed high recognition of over 50% from dimensions 1 to 6.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.321-327
• /
• 2016

There are many women who want larger and brighter eyes that will give a favorable impression. Surgical methods that make the eye larger and brighter include double eyelidplasty, epicanthoplasty, as well as lateral canthoplasty. Double eyelidplasty produces changes in the vertical dimension of the eyes, whereas epicanthoplasty and lateral canthoplasty create changes in the horizontal dimension of the eyes. Epicanthoplasty, a surgical procedure which enlarges the eye horizontally, is performed at the inner corner of the eye, whereas lateral canthoplasty enlarges the outer edge of the eye. In particular, if the slant of the palpebral fissure is raised and the horizontal dimension of the palpebral fissure is short, adjusting the slant of the palpebral fissure through lateral canthoplasty can achieve an enlargement of eye width and smoother features. Depending on the patient's condition, even better results can be achieved if this procedure is performed in conjunction with other procedures, such as double eyelid-plasty, epicanthoplasty, eye roll formation surgery, fat graft, and facial bone contouring surgery. In this paper, the authors will introduce in detail their surgical method for a cosmetic lateral canthoplasty that lengthens the lateral canthal angle and corrects the outer tail of the eyes, in order to ease the unfavorable impression.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.897-904
• /
• 2005

Face Recognition has been an active research area because it is not difficult to acquire face image data and it is applicable in wide range area in real world. Due to the high dimensionality of a face image space, however, it is not easy to process the face images. In this paper, we propose a method to reduce the dimension of the facial data and extract the features from them. It will be solved using the method which extracts the features from holistic face images. The proposed algorithm consists of two parts. The first is the using of principal component analysis (PCA) to transform three dimensional color facial images to one dimensional gray facial images. The second is integrated linear discriminant analusis (PCA+LDA) to prevent the loss of informations in case of performing separated steps. Integrated LDA is integrated algorithm of PCA for reduction of dimension and LDA for discrimination of facial vectors. First, in case of transformation from color image to gray image, PCA(Principal Component Analysis) is performed to enhance the image contrast to raise the recognition rate. Second, integrated LDA(Linear Discriminant Analysis) combines the two steps, namely PCA for dimensionality reduction and LDA for discrimination. It makes possible to describe concise algorithm expression and to prevent the information loss in separate steps. To validate the proposed method, the algorithm is implemented and tested on well controlled face databases.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.62 no.3
• /
• pp.201-214
• /
• 2024

In patients with unstable mandibular movements who are accompanied by involuntary facial muscle movements and asymmetrical changes in the facial features, many difficulties exist in determining the vertical dimension of occlusion, recording centric relation, and transferring information about the occlusal plane. In this case, for a patient with unilateral facial nerve palsy who was edentulous for a long period of time, a CAD-CAM provisional prosthesis was fabricated using a 3D printing customized gothic arch tracer and a prefabricated occlusal plane recorder, the POP bow system, to achieve a stable interarch relationship. Afterwards, a full mouth implant fixed prosthesis was fabricated by delivering an appropriate vertical dimension of occlusion, a reproducible centric relation, and a correct three-dimensional occlusal plane, and continuous maintenance was performed to restore functional and aesthetic oral health to the patient.