• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.56-63
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• 2007

In this paper, an eye tracking method is presented using a neural network (NN) and mean-shift algorithm that can accurately detect and track user's eyes under the cluttered background. In the proposed method, to deal with the rigid head motion, the facial region is first obtained using skin-color model and con-nected-component analysis. Thereafter the eye regions are localized using neural network (NN)-based tex-ture classifier that discriminates the facial region into eye class and non-eye class, which enables our method to accurately detect users' eyes even if they put on glasses. Once the eye region is localized, they are continuously and correctly tracking by mean-shift algorithm. To assess the validity of the proposed method, it is applied to the interface system using eye movement and is tested with a group of 25 users through playing a 'aligns games.' The results show that the system process more than 30 frames/sec on PC for the $320{\times}240$ size input image and supply a user-friendly and convenient access to a computer in real-time operation.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.166-172
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• 2018

In case of the treatment of maxillary anterior teeth, it should be taken into account the proper morphology, arrangement and color satisfying patient's esthetic demands. For this purpose, facial composition, dentofacial composition, dental composition and dentogingival composition should be considered making diagnosis and treatment plan in an esthetic point of view. In adjustable temporary crown state, careful evaluation and correction of the esthetic and functional aspect were performed, and the definite restoration was reproduced using double scan.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.349-355
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• 2017

Skin tone plays a key role in one of the determinant for facial attractiveness. Most female customers have an interest in choosing skin color and improving their skin tone and their needs have been contributed the expansion of cosmetic products in the market. Recently, cosmetic customers, who want bright skin, are also interested in healthy and lively-looking skin. However, there is no method to evaluate the skin tone with the complexion-describing adjectives (CDAs). Therefore, this study was conducted to find the ways to objectify and digitize the CDA. We obtained that quasi $L^*$ at dark skin is 65 and quasi $L^*$ at bright skin is 74 for standard images, which are selected from our data base. To match the following seven CDAs: pale, clear, radiant, lively, healthy, rosy and dull, the colors of both images were adjusted by 30 panels. The quasi $L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$ were converted from the RGB values of the manipulated images. The differences between the quasi $L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$ values of standard images and manipulated images reflecting each CDA were statistically significant (p < 0.05). However, there were no statistical significances between the $L^*$ values of dark and bright skin images that were modified in accordance with each CDA and there also were no statistical significances between the quasi $a^*$ values of dark and bright skin for pale and clear CDAs. From the statistical analysis, the CDAs were observed to form three groups: (i) pale-clear-radiant, (ii) lively-healthy-rosy and (iii) dull. We recognized that people have a similar opinion about perception of CDAs. Following our results of this study, we establish new standard method for sensibility evaluation which is difficult to carry out scientifically or objectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2020

This study conducted a full survey of the goral population using sensor cameras to identify the exact habitat of the gorals that inhabit Odaesan National Park and for restoration and habitat management-focused conservation projects following the population growth. We surveyed Odaesan National Park for a year in 2018 and selected18 grids (2km×2km) first based on the survey results. We then further divided each grid into four small grids (1km×1km) and installed a total of 62 sensor cameras in 38 small girds divided by four grids(1km×1km). The survey resulted in a total of 5,096 photographed wild animals, 2,268 of which were gorals, and the analysis by the classification table of goral (horn shape (Ⓐ), ring pattern (Ⓑ), ring formation ratio (Ⓒ), and facial color (Ⓓ)) identified a total of 95 animals. The ratio of male and female was 35 males (36.8%), 46 females (48.4%), and 14 sex unknowns (14.7%), while the ratio of female and male excluding sex unknowns was 4 (male):6 (female). The horn shape (Ⓐ) and face color (Ⓓ) were the important factors for distinguishing male and female and identifying individuals. The analysis of the correlation of 81 individuals, excluding 14 individuals of unknown sex, showed a significant difference (r=-0.635, p<0.01). Since the goral population in Odaesan National Park has reached a minimum viable population, it is necessary to change the focus of the management policy of Odaesan National Park from restoration to conservation.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.595-605
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• 2012

Various methods for measuring strabismus have been developed and used in clinical diagnosis. However, most of them are based on the visual inspection by clinicians. For this reason, there is a high possibility of subjective evaluation in clinical decisions and they are only useful for cooperative patients. Therefore, the development of a more objective and reproducible method for measuring strabismus is needed. In this paper, we introduce a new software to complement the limitations of previous diagnostic methods. Firstly, we simply obtained facial images of patients and performed several preprocessing steps based on the spherical RGB color model with them. Then, the measurement of strabismus was performed automatically by using our 3D eye model and mathematical algorithm. To evaluate the validity of our software, we performed statistical correlation analysis of the results of the proposed method and the Krimsky test by two clinicians for ten patients. The coefficients of correlation for two clinicians were very high, 0.955 and 0.969, respectively. The coefficient of correlation between two clinicians also showed 0.968. We found a statistically significant correlation between two methods from our results. The newly developed software showed a possibility that it can be used as an alternative or effective assistant tool of previous diagnostic methods for strabismus.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.438-444
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• 2016

To enhance the esthetic appearance, the maxillary anterior area is important. It is possible to improve the esthetic appearance through the treatment of maxillary anterior area, which includes altering the color, form, and arrangement of teeth. When planning these treatments, clinicians should individualize personal demands, by using the information obtained from facial, dento-labial, dental, and gingival analysis. It is essential to properly prepare the gingival structure, which includes the height of gingival margin, the location of zenith, reconstruction of the interdental papillae, emergence profile, and symmetry. Clinicians often face unfavorable condition of the gingiva and the edentulous ridge, and appropriate management of the gingival structure is needed. In this case report, the patients were treated to improve the gingival conditions surrounding maxillary anterior teeth. By using conservative treatment without surgical intervention, such as application of pink porcelain, subgingival contour modelling and modification of pontic base, satisfactory esthetic results were gained.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.609-616
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• 2017

In this paper, we propose an algorithm to obtain more stable and high recognition rate by using left and right rotation information of input image in order to obtain a stable recognition rate in face recognition. The proposed algorithm uses the facial image as the input information in the web camera environment to reduce the size of the image and normalize the information about the brightness and color to obtain the improved recognition rate. We apply Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the detected candidate regions to obtain feature vectors and classify faces. Also, In order to reduce the error rate range of the recognition rate, a set of data with the left and right $45^{\circ}$ rotation information is constructed considering the directionality of the input face image, and each feature vector is obtained with PCA. In order to obtain a stable recognition rate with the obtained feature vector, it is after scattered in the eigenspace and the final face is recognized by comparing euclidean distant distances to each feature. The PCA-based feature vector is low-dimensional data, but there is no problem in expressing the face, and the recognition speed can be fast because of the small amount of calculation. The method proposed in this paper can improve the safety and accuracy of recognition and recognition rate faster than other algorithms, and can be used for real-time recognition system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Floral Art and Design
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• no.41
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• pp.45-59
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• 2019

The characters that could be connected to diverse cultural contents have formed diverse platforms with the development of digital technology, and the size of the relevant industry and market is rapidly growing. Recently, the utilization of character emoticons for smartphone messenger has been rapidly increased, so that the characters are settled down as a tool for non-verbal communication, on top of drawing attention as an independent area. With the expansion of character market, the importance of design that could give interest and familiarity to consumers is more emphasized. The body proportion of characters includes the implicative and symbolic meanings that could express diverse personalities. Thus, this study examined the body proportion of the characters with the high consumers' preference, and then analyzed the characteristics of formative elements of character design in accordance with the body proportion. In the results of the analysis, the exaggerated form of SD characters in two or three-head figure, and the realistic Real characters in seven or eight-head figure were preferred. For the SD characters, the colors with a high chroma showing the cute and cheerful image were used. For the Real characters, the cubic effect was expressed through the colors with active images and the light and shade of color. Even though the SD characters have limited motions due to the omitted body parts, the facial movements of animation characters are exaggerated while the Real characters describe the realistic and dynamic motions.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.5 s.58
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• pp.469-485
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• 1996

Orthodontic patients are individuals that grow and develop ; therefore selection of the proper time for orthodontic treatment is considered to be one of most difficult and yet difficult factor. Since the development of cephalometric X-ray, amount and Pattern of craniofacial growth change with aging could be predicted and be came useful in the process of orthodontic treatment. The relationship between the mean values of cephalometric measurements and body height and weight was studied among the groups(boys and girls) of Korean children from the ages 6-years to 17-years. 409 boys and 437 girls with no abnormality in growth and development and no history of orthodontic treatment from the ages of 6 years to 17 years were chosen as subjects Cephaloment X-ray were taken for 3 years and hard tissue analysis based on Burstone's COGS, which was devided into measurements of 6 parts(Cranial base, Maxillar and Mandible, Dental measurements). The relationship between craniofacial growth and height & weight was studied. The following conclusions were obtained : 1. The maximum growth in the measurements of cranial base, N-Ar(FH), N-Ba(FH) corresponded with the age with the maximum increase in body height & weight in both boys and girls. 2. Genial angle gradually decreased with aging in both boys and girls. 3. N-ANS(L) showed greater amount of growth than ANS-Ne(L), and this had greater influence on facial profile. 4. N-A-$Pog^{\circ}$ decreased with aging, and mandibular growth exceeded maxillary growth in amount and rate. 5. Length of Y-axis Increased, but Y-axis to FH plane remained constant. This show that mandible grows at a constant angulation to cranial base. 6. As permanent teeth erupt, interincisal angle deceased.