• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.446-453
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• 2018

The study examines corporate research & development (R&D) expenditure in modern finance. Firms may face one of the essential issues to maintain their optimal levels of R&D expenditures in order to increase corporate profit. Accordingly, financial determinants that may influence R&D spending are statistically tested for firms listed on the KOSPI stock market during the period from 2010 to 2015. Financial determinants which may discriminate between firms in high-growth and low-growth industries are examined on a relative basis. Explanatory variables including one-period lagged R&D expenses (Lag_RD), cross-product term between the Lag_RD and type of industry (as a dummy variable), and advertising expenses (ADVERTISE) significantly influenced corporate R&D intensity. Moreover, high-growth firms in domestic capital markets showed higher Lag_RD, profitability (PROF) and foreign equity ownership (FOS) than their counterparts in low-growth sectors, whereas low-growth firms had higher market-value based leverage (MLEVER) and ADVERTISE. Overall, these results are expected to influence decision-making of firms concerning the optimal level of R&D expenditure, which may in turn enhance shareholder wealth.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.105-111
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• 2019

In Korea, the results of a field survey on the construction of flammable exterior materials implemented in 2018 revealed that 147,559 buildings belong to this category. It was found that the fire spreading cases in upper and adjacent constructions are about 3,500 per year, the fires of starting in flammable exterior material are about 1,500 per year. In this study, we investigated the repair method of buildings constructed by flammable exterior material and conducted performance verification of each repair materials for prevention of similar fire. In the case of the repair method, a method of reinforcing with a repair material after removing the existing building finishing material and a method of attaching the repair material after performing the face finishing are proposed. In addition, we conducted cone calorimeter tests of 6 materials such as fireproof gypsum board, mineral wool, hard urethane foam, ceramic board and ALC panel as dryvit and repairing materials, and investigated basic combustion performance of that materials.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.97-124
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• 2001

Co-residence is a type of intergenerational private transfers of resources: money, time and space. Adult daughters and their elderly parents decide to co-reside, depending on their utility levels before and after co-residence that mainly depend on the health status of the elderly. Therefore, co-residence implies positive net benefits to both parties in the sense that, when they co-reside, elderly parents share childcare and adult daughter provide elderly care. In other words, formal (paid) care can be substituted with informal (unpaid) one. Both marriage and giving births are considered as the major obstacles to labor market attachment of women who bear burdens of home production and childcare. Co-residence can be a solution for married women to avoid career interruption by sharing burdens with their elderly parents. However, most previous studies using the U.S. data on intergenerational private transfers focused on elderly care and have concluded that they reduce government expenditures associated with public subsidies to the elderly. This study focuses on adult daughters and it examines effects of co-residence on labor supply of married women in Korea, who face limited formal childcare programs in terms of both quantity and quality. It applies the Tobit model of married women's labor supply to the data from the Second Wave of the Korean Labor and Income Panel Survey( 1999), in order to investigate effects of co-residence and the work and health status of the co-residing elderly as well as their own health status. Four specifications of the empirical model are tested that each includes co-residence with elderly parents, their gender, or their work and health status. Estimation results show that co-residence, co-residence with female elderly, and co-residence with not-working female elderly have significant positive effects on labor supply of married women while poor health status of co-residing female elderly does not bring about any negative effects. However, co-residence with male elderly, regardless of their work and health status, has no significant effect The results indicate that co-residence is closely related to sharing of home production among female elderly and adult daughters who are married and, through intergenerational private transfers of resources in terms of time, it helps women avoid career interruption.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.23-36
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• 2008

Soil nailing system can be mentioned to a method of supporting as the shear strength of in-situ soils is increased by passive inclusions. In the general soil nailing system, facing walls are used in two kind of a lattice concrete block or a cast in placed concrete wall. A case of lattice concrete blocks is used in slow slopes greater than 1(V):0.7(H). Also, a case of a cast in placed concrete wall is used in steep slopes less than 1(V):0.5(H). The cast in placed concrete walls are constructed to 30 cm thick together with a shotcrete facing. In this study, the assembling soil nailing method as a new soil nailing system will be proposed. This method is assembly construction using precast concrete panels with 20 cm thick. So, the ability of construction and the quality of facings can be improved more than a conventional soil nailing system. This method can be obtained the effects that a global slope stability increase, as precast concrete panels are immediately put on cutting face after excavating a slope. In this study, confining effects of concrete panels using the assembling soil nailing system were found out by large scaled load tests. In the tests, the load-settlement relationship to an assembling soil nailing system due to the stiff facings as concrete panels appeared to be better than a typical soil nailing system with shotcrete facings.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.61 no.12
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• pp.403-406
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• 2018

Floating-Harbor syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder associated with SRCAP mutation. To date, approximately 50 cases of Floating-Harbor syndrome have been reported, but none have been reported in Korea yet. Floating-Harbor syndrome is characterized by delayed bony maturation, unique facial features, and language impairment. Here, we present a 6-year-old boy with a triangular face, deep-set protruding eyes, low-set ears, wide nose with narrow nasal bridge, short philtrum, long thin lips, clinodactyly, and developmental delay that was transferred to our pediatric clinic for genetic evaluation. He showed progressive delay in the area of language and cognition-adaption as he grew. He had previously undergone chromosomal analysis at another hospital due to his language delay, but his karyotype was normal. We performed targeted exome sequencing, considering several syndromes with similar phenotypes. Library preparation was performed with the TruSight One sequencing panel, which enriches the sample for about 4,800 genes of clinical relevance. Massively parallel sequencing was conducted with NextSeq. An identified variant was confirmed by Sanger sequencing of the patient and his parents. Finally, the patient was confirmed as the first Korean case of Floating-Harbor syndrome with a novel SRCAP (Snf2 related CREBBP activator protein) mutation (c.7732dupT, p.Ser2578Phefs*6), resulting in early termination of the protein; it was not found in either of his healthy parents or a control population. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe a boy with Floating-Harbor syndrome with a novel SRCAP mutation diagnosed by targeted exome sequencing in Korea.

• 한국노년학
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.309-328
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to develop a perceived elderly stigma scale for intergenerational research and practice. Although negative stereotypes on elderly population have worsened physical and psychological health of older people, there has been a lack of systematic efforts to measure and monitor stigmatic perception and behavior of younger generation on elderly people. We initially constructed a 34-item perceived elderly stigma scale, by integrating the processes of literature review and exploratory item generation. After confirming the face validity of the scale, a 31-item perceived elderly stigma scale was tested with 252 adults recruited from an online research panel. The result of an exploratory factor analysis suggests a 5-factor solution with 28 items: ability, personality, appearance, authoritarian dependancy, and family-obsession. The convergent/discriminant validity was confirmed by examining its relationships with ageism, elderly discrimination, attitude toward elderly, and respect for elderly. After a series of refinement and empirical tests, the perceived elderly stigma scale would contribute to understanding the current state of elderly discrimination in our society and to develop necessary policies and promotion strategies to eliminate intergenerational conflicts.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.248-258
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• 2021

The study analyzed the financial determinants of corporate R&D intensity that require more attention from academics and practitioners in the Korean capital market. Domestic small and medium enterprises (SMEs) may face with developing substitutes by making more R&D investments in scale and scope, given the unprecedented economic conditions such as the limitation of importing core components and materials from other nation(s). KOSDAQ-listed SMEs were selected as sample data, whose R&D expenditures may be less than those of large firms during the post-global financial turmoil period (2010~2018). Static panel data model was applied, along with Tobit and stepwise regression models, for examining the validity of results. Logit, probit, and complementary log-log regressions were also employed for a relative analysis. R&D expenditures in the prior year, the interaction effect between the previous R&D intensity and high-tech sector, firm size, and growth rate were significant to determine R&D intensity. Moreover, a majority of explanatory variables were found to change between the years 2011 and 2018, while time-lagged effects between the R&D intensity and growth rate exist. Results of the study are expected to be used for future research to detect optimal levels of R&D expenditures for the value maximization of SMEs.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.71-130
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• 2008

Using data from the Korean Labor & Income Panel Study (KLIPS), this study investigates private income transfers in Korea, where adult children have undertaken the most responsibility of supporting their elderly parents without well-established social safety net for the elderly. According to the KLIPS data, three out of five households provided some type of support for their aged parents and two out of five households of the elderly received financial support from their adult children on a regular base. However, the private income transfers in Korea are not enough to alleviate the impact of the fall in the earned income of those who retired and are approaching an age of needing financial assistance from external source. The monthly income of those at least the age of 75, even with the earning of their spouses, is below the staggering amount of 450,000 won, which indicates that the elderly in Korea are at high risk of poverty. In order to analyze microeconomic factors affecting the private income transfers to the elderly parents, the following three samples extracted from the KLIPS data are used: a sample of respondents of age 50 or older with detailed information on their financial status; a five-year household panel sample in which their unobserved family-specific and time-invariant characteristics can be controlled by the fixed-effects model; and a sample of the younger split-off household in which characteristics of both the elderly household and their adult children household can be controlled simultaneously. The results of estimating private income transfer models using these samples can be summarized as follows. First, the dominant motive lies on the children-to-parent altruistic relationship. Additionally, another is based on exchange motive, which is paid to the elderly parents who take care of their grandchildren. Second, the amount of private income transfers has negative correlation with the income of the elderly parents, while being positively correlated with the income of the adult children. However, its income elasticity is not that high. Third, the amount of private income transfers shows a pattern of reaching the highest level when the elderly parents are in the age of 75 years old, following a decreasing pattern thereafter. Fourth, public assistance, such as the National Basic Livelihood Security benefit, appears to crowd out private transfers. Private transfers have fared better than public transfers in alleviating elderly poverty, but the role of public transfers has been increasing rapidly since the welfare expansion after the financial crisis in the late 1990s, so that one of four elderly people depends on public transfers as their main income source in 2003. As of the same year, however, there existed and occupied 12% of the elderly households those who seemed eligible for the National Basic Livelihood benefit but did not receive any public assistance. To remove elderly poverty, government may need to improve welfare delivery system as well as to increase welfare budget for the poor. In the face of persistent elderly poverty and increasing demand for public support for the elderly, which will lead to increasing government debt, welfare policy needs targeting toward the neediest rather than expanding universal benefits that have less effect of income redistribution and heavier cost. Identifying every disadvantaged elderly in dire need for economic support and providing them with the basic livelihood security would be the most important and imminent responsibility that we all should assume to prepare for the growing aged population, and this also should accompany measures to utilize the elderly workforce with enough capability and strong will to work.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.99-106
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• 2018

Mucolipidosis type III (pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy) is a mucolipids degrading disorder caused by a mutation in the GNPTAB gene and is inherited by autosomal recessive. It is diagnosed by examining highly concentrated mucolipids in blood and the diagnosis can be confirmed by genetic testing. Mucolipidosis type III is a rare and progressive metabolic disorder. Its initial signs and symptoms usually occur around 3 years of age. Clinical manifestations of the disease include slow growth, joint stiffness, arthralgia, skeletal abnormalities, heart valve abnormalities, recurrent respiratory infection, distinctive facial features, and mild intellectual disability. Here, we are presenting two siblings of mucolipidosis type III, a 4-year-old female and a 2 years and 7 months old male with features of delayed growth and coarse face. The diagnosis was confirmed by [c.2715+1G>A(p.Glu906Leufs*4), c.2544del(p.Glu849Lysfs*22)] mutation in targeted gene panel sequencing. In this case, c.2544del is a heterozygote newly identified mutation in mucolipidosis type III and was not found in the control group including the genome aggregation database. And it is interpreted as a pathogenic variant considering the association with phenotype. Here, we report a Korean mucolipidosis type III patients with novel mutations in GNPTAB gene who have been treated since early childhood. Owing to recent development of molecular genetic techniques, it was possible to make early diagnosis and treatment with pamidronate was initiated appropriately in case 1. In addition to these supportive therapies, efforts must be made to develop fundamental treatment for patients with early diagnosis of mucolipidosis.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.179-187
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• 2008

After Canada has struggled with a radioactive waste problem over for 20 years, the Canadian government finally found out that its approach by far has been lack of social acceptance, and needed a program such as public and stakeholder engagement (PSE) which involves the public in decision-making process. Therefore, the government made a special law, called Nuclear Fuel Waste Act (NFWA), to search for an appropriate nuclear waste management approach. NFWA laid out three possible approaches which were already prepared in advance by a nuclear expert group, and required Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO) to be established to report a recommendation as to which of the proposed approaches should be adopted. However, NFWA allowed NWMO to consider additional management approach if the other three were not acceptable enough. Thus, NWMO studied and created a fourth management approach after it had undertaken an comparison of the benefits, risks and costs of each management approach: Adaptive Phased Management. This approach was intended to enable the implementers to accept any technological advancement or changes even in the middle of the implementation of the plan. The Canadian PSE case well shows that technological R&D are deeply connected with social acceptance. Even though the developments and technological advancement are carried out by the scientists and experts, but it is important to collect the public opinion by involving them to the decision-making process in order to achieve objective validity on the R&D programs. Moreover, in an effort to ensure the principles such as fairness, public health and safety, security, and adoptability, NWMO tried to make those abstract ideas more specific and help the public understand the meaning of each concept more in detail. Also, they utilized a variety of communication methods from face-to-face meeting to e-dialogue to encourage people to participate in the program as much as possible. Given the fact that Korea has been also having a hard time in dealing with spent nuclear fuel management, all of these efforts that Canada has made with a PSE program would give good lessons and implications to the Korean case. In conclusion, as a deliberative participation program, PSE could be a possible breakthrough approach for the Korean spent nuclear fuel management.