• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.862-872
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• 2020

This study explores the effects of facemasks on respiratory, thermoregulatory, cardiovascular responses during exercise on a treadmill and at rest. Five male subjects (25.8 ± 0.8 y, 171.8 ± 9.2 cm in height, 79.8 ± 28.1 kg in weight) participated in the following five experimental conditions: no mask, KF80, KF94, KF99, and N95. Inhalation resistance was ranked as KF80 < KF94 < N95 < KF99 and dead space inside a mask was ranked as KF80 = KF94 < N95 < KF99. The surface area covered by a mask was on average 1.1% of the total body surface area. The results showed no significant differences in body core temperature, oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), heart rate or subjective perception among the five experimental conditions; however, cheek temperature, respiratory ventilation and blood pressure were greater for KF80 or KF94 conditions when compared to KF99 or N95 conditions (p<0.05). The differences among mask conditions are attributed to the dead space or specific designs (cup type vs pleats type) rather than the filtration level. In addition, the results suggest that improving mask design can help mitigate respiratory resistance from increased filtration.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2021.11a
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• pp.647-650
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• 2021

The most powerful and modern face recognition techniques are using deep learning methods that have provided impressive performance. The outbreak of COVID-19 pneumonia has spread worldwide, and people have begun to wear a face mask to prevent the spread of the virus, which has led existing face recognition methods to fail to identify people. Mainly, it pushes masked face recognition has become one of the most challenging problems in the face recognition domain. However, deep learning methods require numerous data samples, and it is challenging to find benchmarks of masked face datasets available to the public. In this work, we develop a new simulated masked face dataset that we can use for masked face recognition tasks. To evaluate the usability of the proposed dataset, we also retrained the dataset with ArcFace based system, which is one the most popular state-of-the-art face recognition methods.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

Convolutional neural network (CNN) consists of a few pairs of both convolution layer and subsampling layer. Thus it has more hidden layers than multi-layer perceptron. With the increased layers, the size of convolution mask ultimately determines the total number of weights in CNN because the mask is shared among input images. It also is an important learning factor which makes or breaks CNN's learning. Therefore, this paper proposes the best method to choose the convolution size and the number of layers for learning CNN successfully. Through our face recognition with vast learning examples, we found that the best size of convolution mask is 5 by 5 and 7 by 7, regardless of the number of layers. In addition, the CNN with two pairs of both convolution and subsampling layer is found to make the best performance as if the multi-layer perceptron having two hidden layers does.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.146-152
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• 2022

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to confirm whether there is a factor to affect the evaluation of fit test of a 2nd class half masks using a OPC test method. Methods: Total 34 adults including Males and Females were tested using OPC-based fit testing equipment while wearing a 2nd class half filtered mask. Results: 1. The result of measuring face dimensions using different tools such as a 3D scanner and digital calipers revealed that the variation of lip width was not statistically significant because there was only a difference of about 4 mm. However, it showed that a difference in face length was statistically significant enough with 10 mm(p<0.000). 2. The fit factor for each exercise stage according to gender was the highest at 124.54(p<0.001) in Step 3, and the fit factor was the lowest at 73.75 in Step 1. 3. In the evaluation of the degree of fit factor according to gender, female passed 67.44%, which was higher than the value in male(p<0.038). 4. The acceptance rate of the group having a face length of shorter than 110 mm was 91.67%. On the other hand, the acceptance rate of the group with a face length of longer than 110 mm was 47.27%(p<0.000). 5. The fit test was possible because the fit factor with 2nd class half masks corresponding to FFP1(Filtering Face Piece 1) was passed 55% or more. Conclusions: The test results showed that using a 2nd class half filtered mask, it is important to wear a properly designed mask so that face size does not affect the fit factor.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.49-58
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to find out how on-line counseling modalities (phone, video, and video counseling using digital mask) differ from face-to-face counseling in terms of clients' perception of working alliance, depth and smoothness of each session, satisfaction, and their qualitative counseling experience. 40 university students participated in the experiment, divided into 4 groups, received 3 personal counseling sessions per person. The quantitative data revealed no significant difference among the four counseling groups in working alliance. Also, the "depth" of the session was similar in the four groups, but phone and video with mask counseling group who did not expose their faces showed higher "smoothness" in the first and second sessions than face-to-face counseling group, indicating that anonymity was helping the clients' inhibition overcome. Through the post-interview data, subtle differences in experience of each counseling method were identified by the participants. The results are expected to provide primary information for developing and implementing various online counseling modalities in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.626-638
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• 2020

In this study, protective masks were designed in varying internal volume and analyzed in regards to wearing effect. Masks were measured by surface temperature and subjective wear evaluation. Four experimental masks were created with an increasing distance between the mask center line and nose in increments. The distances were set at 0.0 cm (M0), 2.0 cm (M2), 4.0 cm (M4), and 6.0 cm (M6). The area and volume of each experimental mask was measured and both measurements had a positive correlation with the set distances. Among the experimental masks, M2 was the most breathable. The heat between the face and the mask created by exhalation was able to escape from the mask and provided the highest comfort sensation when worn. Conversely, an internal volume that is too large would decrease its comfort because repetitive breathing deforms the appearance of the mask and adversely affects its fit. Therefore, creating and maintaining the optimal internal volume of the M2 mask is important to achieve maximum thermal sensation and ease of wear.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.168-174
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• 2006

For over two thousand years, many artists and scientists have tried to understand or quantify the form of the perfect, ideal, or the most beautiful face both in art and in vivo(life). However, this mathematical relationship has been consistently and repeatedly reported to be present in beautiful things. This particular relationship is referred to as the golden ratio. It is a mathematical ratio of 1.618 : 1 that seems to appear recurrently in beautiful things in nature as well as in other things that are seen as beautiful. Dr. Marquardt made the facial golden mask that contains and includes all of the 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional geometric golden element formed from the golden ratio. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of the golden facial mask. In our cases(n=40), the authors applied the facial golden mask to the preoperative and postoperative photographs, and scored each photograph. Compared with the average scores of the facial mask applied photographs and none applied photographs using non-parametric test, statistical significance was not checked (p > 0.05). It means that the facial golden mask can be used for facial analysis. The facial golden mask is easy to apply, cheap and relatively objective. So, the authors introduce the one of useful facial analyses.

• Applied Science and Convergence Technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.70-74
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• 2018

We fabricated an anode-type ion source driven by a charge repulsion mechanism and investigated its beam shape controlled by a Whenelt mask integrated at the front face of the source. The ion beam shape was observed to vary by changing the geometry of the Whenelt mask. As the angle of inclination of the Whenelt mask was varied from $40^{\circ}$ to $60^{\circ}$, the etched area at a thin film was reduced from 20 mm to 7.5 mm at the working distance of 286 mm, and the light transmittance through the etched surface was increased from 78% to 80%, respectively. In addition, for the step height difference, ${\Delta}$ between the inner mask and the outer mask of ${\Delta}=0$, -1 mm, and +1 mm, we observed the ion beam shape was formed to be collimated, diverged, and focused, respectively. The focal length of the focused beam was 269 mm. We approved experimentally a simple way of controlling the electric field of the ion beam by changing the geometry of the Whenelt mask such that the initial direction of the ion beam in the plasma region was manipulated effectively.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.3 s.62
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• pp.440-448
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• 1998

In many developed countries, for example, USA, respirator fit testing is required before entering specific work environment to ensure that the respirator worn satisfies a minimum of fit and that the user knows when the respirator fits properly. Unfortunately because we have not fit test regulation in Korea, a lot of workers wearing respirators may be potentially exposed to hazards. This study was conducted to evaluate the fitting performance for respirators and correlation fit factors with facial dimensions of wearers. 110 subjects (70 males, 40 females) were fit tested for three quarter masks, i.e., two domestic-made Mask 2, and Y and one foreign-made Mask T using PortaCount 8020. A facial dimension survey of the same subjects was conducted to develop a facial dimension grids fer correlation fit factors with facial dimension parameters. A facial dimension grid was developed on the basis of face length and lip length for quarter masks. The results obtained were as follows : 1 Fit factors of Mask T were much higher than those of Masks Z, and Y. 2. Males were fitted more properly than females. 3. Male in box 'f' of grid would be adequately fitted Mask Y and male in box 'b', 'e', 'f', 'h' of grid would be sufficiently fitted Mask T. Female in box 'h' of grid may have a good fitting performance for both Mask Y, and T. But subjects in all boxes of grid would be inadequately fitted Mask Z.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.13-25
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• 2008

This study is on the various style and characteristics of mask, and was performed empirically by reviewing the related materials such as the literature, precedent studies, fashion works, and home and foreign fashion magazines. As a result of the study, the style of mask in the modern fashion is roughly categorized by full-covered style, half-covered style, and over-half-covered style which is covered over 50% of a face. And, mask is utilized on a hat or a dress all over, or is produced by a elaborate makeup. Mask with lots of variation has three big characteristics, which are sense of disguise, sense of ornamentation, sense of grotesquery. First, sense of disguise means deviation or tool of affectation instead of cultural standard norm through transforming or masquerading as an imagery person or animal in ancient myths, famous artistes, etc. It could be developed to express a designer's identity. Second, mask decorated with various styles and materials has sense of ornamentation, which means natural human desire of expression for beauty, and at the same time human mind longing for experience a fantastic and ideal inner world being deviated from the present world even indirectly. Third, ignoring the original format of eyes, nose, and mouth, using extraordinarily various techniques such as distortion, extreme, exaggeration, concealment, or combining with animal images, mask has sense of grotesquery inducing humor and horror simultaneously.