• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2023

이 논문은 국립국어원에서 배포한 한국인 대화 음성 말뭉치에서 화자의 성대의 진동을 나타내는 fundamental frequency(f0)값을 측정해서 한국인이 일상 대화를 할 때 f0값의 기초적인 통계자료를 살펴보고, 나이와 f0값의 분포는 어떤 관계를 보이는지를 조사했다. 연구자료 수집과 분석은 Praat과 R을 이용했고, 개인별 억양구마다 상자도를 구하고 사분위값을 활용하여 극단값을 제거하는 방법으로 최종 f0값 자료를 구했다. 그 결과 전체 한국인들의 f0값의 평균값은 185 Hz이고 중앙값은 187 Hz로 나왔다. 자료의 분포모양을 나타내는 왜도는 0.11의 정적분포를 보였고, 첨도는 -0.09로 정상분포에 거의 가까운 모양을 보였다. 일상대화의 피치값의 변화범위로는 238 Hz로 나타났다. 남녀 간의 f0값의 차이는 남성의 중앙값 114 Hz의 거의 두 배에 해당하는 199 Hz가 여성의 중앙값으로 나타났고 t검증결과 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 분포모양을 나타내는 왜도는 남성이 1.24이었고, 여성은 그것의 반에 해당하는 0.58이었다. 첨도는 남녀집단 각각 5.21과 3.88로 나타나 남성의 값이 34% 정도 더 뾰족한 모양을 보였다. 연령대별로는 남녀집단을 합하여 볼 때, 나이가 들수록 f0값이 서서히 내려가는 경향을 보였다. 연령대별 f0중앙값과 나이 간의 회귀분석을 실행한 결과 기울기가 남성집단에서는 0.15, 여성집단에서는 -0.586으로 서로 반대되는 경향을 기록했다. 결론적으로, 대규모 참여자가 녹음한 대화 음성에서 한국인의 집단별 연령별 다양한 f0분포를 규명할 수 있지만, 나이와 f0관계는 더 정밀한 자료수집이 필요함을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.733-738
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• 2000

The objective of this study was to describe the nature of the inheritance of jumping as a behavioral trait and to analyze quantitatively the jumping height as a measure of vigor in two subspecies of mice. Two subspecies of mice, Yonakuni wild mouse (Y) and $CF_{{\sharp}1}$ laboratory mouse (C), were used as the parental types. Reciprocal mating between these two subspecies was made to produce subsequently the first and second generations. The first generation was $F_1$ (YC) resulting from $Y\;male{\times}C\;female$, and $F_1{^\prime}$ (CY) from $C\;male{\times}Y\;female$. The second generation $F_2$ (YCYC) was from mating $F_1{\times}F_1$ and $F_2{^\prime}$ (CYCY) from $F_1{^\prime}{\times}F_1{^\prime}$. Individuals were treated with a set of direct current shock apparatus at six weeks of age to evoke jumping. The results showed that the ratio between jumping and non jumping mice (J: NJ) for C was 0%:100% (0:1), which means that all C did not jump throughout the experiment, whereas Y was 68%:32% (2:1); and the $F_1$ and $F_2$ showed 65%:35% (2:1) and 51%:49% (1:1), respectively. All $F_1{^\prime}$ and $F_2{^\prime}$ individuals jumped as indicated by the ratio 100%:0% (1:0) for both these two genetic groups. Of the jumped mice, average height of the first three jumping observed for pooled sexes in Y, $F_1$, $F_2$, $F_1{^\prime}$ and $F_2{^\prime}$ were 19.3 cm, 19.3 cm, 18.0 cm, 19.9 cm and 16.4 cm, respectively. The distribution of jumping height showed a tendency to be a normal distribution. The jumping activity and jumping height may be affected by some major genes and polygenes, respectively.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.179-184
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• 1981

흙댐 및 자연사면(自然斜面)의 안정해석(安定解析)에 가장 많이 사용(使用)되는 Fellenius방법(方法)과 Bishop방법(方法)을 비교검토(比較檢討)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 정상침투상태(定常浸透狀態)에서 Bishop방법(方法)이 Fellenius 방법(方法)보다 안전율(安全率)이 11~29%정도(程度) 큰 값을 나타냈다. 2. Bishop방법(方法)이 Fellenius방법(方法)보다 안전율(安全率)이 증대(增大)되는 비율(比率)($F_B-F_F/F_F$)은 경사면(傾斜面)의 기울기가 느릴수록 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)을 나타냈다. 3. 침투(浸透)가 없을때와 있을때의 안전율(安全率)이 증대(增大)되는 비율(比率)($F_1-F_2/F_2$)은 경사면(傾斜面)의 기울기가 느릴수록 증가하는 경향(傾向)을 나타냈다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.67-75
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• 2000

Cosmetic industries have recently developed sun-block products, which are composed of W/O or O/W emulsion system. It was very difficult for waterproofing product to show the stability in W/O emulsion with $TiO_{2}$. To enhance the stability of W/O emulsion, it needs to be combined with the water and oil soluble components as the gelling agents. The emulsifiers used in W/O were 3.0% of cetyl dimethicone copolyol, 2.0% of sorbitan sesquioleate as the basic emulsifiers, and 0.6% of quaternium-18 bentonite and 1.5% of dextrin palmitate as stabilizer were used. The content of titanium dioxide was optimized up to 8.0%. Titanium dioxide was used as the UV scattering powder coated with $Al_{2}O_{3}$(UV-sperse T40/TN). The sunscreen cream prepared with W/O emulsion system by using QB and DP showed higher stability than that of W/O emulsion system by using each QB and DP. W/O emulsion from Formula 3 for passing one year was very durable more than F1 and F2. Within W/O emulsion by observing F1, F2 and F3 for one year, F3 was more excellent than F2 and F3 when they were observed at RT, $4^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$, because F3 used the mixed QB and DP in W/O emulsion. The zeta potential for F1, F2, and F3 after one year were 21, 30 and 43, respectively. From these result F3 was found best stable emulsion. The in-vitro SPF value for F3 was 35 for the initial product at room temperature and also, the in-vitro SPF values of F3 was 32 for after one year. Finally, the mean in-vivo SPF value of 10 volunteers for F3 was 27.3 by the Korea cosmetic association made the rules of SPF.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.703-710
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• 2009

The spectral irradiance and underwater transmission characteristics of a combined high-luminance light-emitting diode (LED) lights have been studied to evaluate suitable light sources for fishing lamps of the next generation. The wavelengths at which the irradiance was maximum were changed from 473, 501, 525, and 465 nm for blue, peacock blue, green, and white LED light to 475, 504 and 528 nm for [$F_{WB}$], [$F_{PB}$] and [$F_{GB}$] combined LED lights, respectively. If the irradiance characteristics at 400-700 nm wavelengths are set as 100%, the irradiance rates at 450-499 nm and 500-549 nm were decreased from 82.4% and 56% for blue, peacock blue LED light to 60.0%, 38.5% for [$F_{WB}$], [$F_{WP}$] combined LED lights. The underwater transmission characteristics of the combined LED lights were superior in the order [$F_{WB}$], [$F_{BP}$], [$F_{GB}$] in optical water type I; [$F_{WB}$], [$F_{PB}$], [$F_{GP}$] in optical water type II-III; and [$F_{GP}$], [$F_{WP}$], [$F_{PB}$] in optical water type 1. Setting the 10m depth underwater transmission characteristics of the combined LED lights in optical water type I at 100%, the transmission of water types II, III and 1 drops to 29.5%, 8.0% and 2.2%. Based on the distribution of spectral irradiance and underwater transmission characteristics calculated in optical water types II-III, where was the jigging ground for fishing lamps, the [$F_{WB}]$ and [$F_{GP}$] combined LED lights can be used as a suitable light sources for fishing lamps of the next generation.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제13권
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• pp.329-346
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• 2000

The marine cargo insurance is mainly the insurance on foreign trade commodities. The sales contract stipulates as to which of the seller or the buyer should arrange the insurance. In other words, if the sales contract is made on the C.I.F. terms, the seller has to arrange the insurance, while, in the case of F.O.B. or C.F.R. terms, the buyer has to arrange it. The F.O.B. or C.F.R. terms means that the seller has to take out an insurance for himself until the cargo being loaded onboard the overseas vessel at the port of shipment in export country. But our country has not reasonable insurance to cover seller's risk, because it hasn't yet implemented the insurance. In respect of a cargo exported from Korea on F.O.B. or C.F.R. terms, the F.O.B. insurance covers comprehensively the inland transit and storage until the cargo being loaded onboard the overseas vessel at the port of shipment in Korea with a certain limitation of a insurance period. The goal of this study is to analyze the development propriety of F.O.B. Insurance. This could be done through analyzing the volume and analyzing the proportion of F.O.B. or C.F.R. terms for export. It is supposed that the potential demands of F.O.B. insurance are sufficient in our country for developing the F.O.B. insurance. At this point of time, the positive development of F.O.B. insurance for export is inevitable from the viewpoint of present situation of trading circles.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.423-431
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• 2002

An experimental study is conducted to investigate the effect of two-frequency forcing on turbulent flow behind a backward-facing step at the Reynolds number of 27000 based on the step height. The forcing is provided from a thin slit located at the edge of the backward-facing step to increase mixing behind the backward-facing step and consequently to reduce the reattachment length. With single frequency forcing, the minimum reattachment length is obtained at the non-dimensional forcing frequency (F) of St$\_$h/ = 0.29. With two-frequency forcing, a subharmonic frequency (F/2) or biharmonic frequency (2F) is combined with the fundamental frequency (F), i.e. (F, F/2) or (F, 2F) forcing is applied. In the case of (F, F/2) forcing, the reattachment length is not much sensitive to the phase difference between F and F/2. However, the reattachment length significantly depends on the phase difference between F and 2F in the case of (F, 2F) forcing. At a certain range of the phase difference, the reattachment length becomes smaller than that of the single frequency forcing.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2003년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.4 No.1
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• pp.131-134
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• 2003

[ $ZnWO_4$ ] shows excellent frequency selectivity due to its high quality factor($Q{\times}f$) at microwave frequencies. However, in order to use $ZnWO_4$ as multilayered wireless communication components, its other properties such as sintering temperature($1050^{\circ}C$), ${\tau}_f$ ($-70ppm/^{\circ}C$) and ${\varepsilon}_r(15.5)$ should be modified. In present study, $TiO_2$ and LiF were used to improve the microwave dielectric and sintering properties of $ZnWO_4$. $TiO_2$ additions to $ZnWO_4$ changed ${\tau}_f$ from negative to positive value, and also increased ${\varepsilon}_r$ due to its high ${\tau}_f$ ($+400ppm/^{\circ}C$) and ${\varepsilon}_r$(100). At 20 mol% $TiO_2$ addition, ${\tau}_f$ was controlled to near zero $ppm/^{\circ}C$ with ${\varepsilon}_r=19.4$ and $Q{\times}f=50000GHz$. However, the sintering temperature was still high to $1100^{\circ}C$. LiF addition to the $ZnWO_4+TiO_2$ mixture was greatly reduced the sintering temperature from $1100^{\circ}C$ to $850^{\circ}C$ due to liquid phase formation. Also LiF addition decreased the ${\tau}_f$ value due to its high negative ${\tau}_f$ value. Therefore, by controlling the $TiO_2$ and LiF amount, temperature stable LTCC material in the $ZnWO_4$-TiO_2-LiF$ system could be fabricated.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.292-300
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• 2015

본 연구는 여대생의 체중조절행위와 비만스트레스를 파악하고자 2013년 9월 7일부터 9월 13일까지 경상남도 C시 소재 4개 대학에 재학 중인 여대생 213명을 대상으로 설문지를 배부하여 자료를 수집하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 20.0 프로그램을 이용하여 빈도와 백분율, t-검증(t-test), 일원분산분석(ANOVA), 사후 검증(Scheffe's-test)을 실시하였다. 본 연구결과 대상자의 비만스트레스 정도는 $18.26{\pm}5.66$으로 중간정도로 나타났다. 대상자의 일반적 특성 및 체중조절행위 특성에 따른 비만스트레스와의 차이는 경제상태(F=3.99, p=.020), 체형인식(F=14.41, p<.001), 체형 체격 만족도(F=15.88, p<.001), 체중조절관심도(F=4.82, p=.001), 음식량 조절(F=2.41, p=.050), 체형 체격 강박(F=24.06, p<.001), 식이요법경험(F=6.04, p<.001), 평균수면시간(t=2.10, p=.036), 원하는 체중 감량정도(F=10.47, p<.001)에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었다. 따라서 여대생을 대상으로 올바른 체중인식과 체중조절 프로그램의 개발 시에는 비만스트레스와 관련한 다양한 특성들을 고려하여 개발하는 것이 필요하다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2006

The purpose of the present study was to examine gaze effects on spatial and kinematic characteristics during a pointing task. Subjects were asked to watch and point to an aimed target (2 mm in diameter) displayed on a vertically mounted board. Four gaze conditions were developed as combinations of "seeing-aiming" in terms of the eye movements: Focal-Focal (F-F), Focal-Fixing (F-X), Fixing-Focal (X-F), and Fixing-Fixing (X-X). Both the home target and an aimed target were presented for 1 second and then were disappeared in F-F and X-F. In X-F and X-X, only an aimed target disappeared after 1 second. Subjects were asked to point (with index finger tip) to an aimed target accurately as soon as the aimed target was removed. A significant main effect of gaze was found (p<.01) for normalized movement time. Peripheral retina targets had significantly larger absolute error compared to central retina targets on the x (medio-lateral) and z (superior-inferior) axes (p<.01). A significant undershooting to peripheral retina targets on the x axis was found (p<.01). F-F and X-F had larger peak velocities compared to F-X and X-X (p<.01). F-F and X-F were characterized by more time spent in the deceleration phase compared to F-X and X-X (p<.01). The present study demonstrates that central vision utilizes a form of on-line visual processing to reach to an object, and thus increases spatial accuracy. However, peripheral vision utilizes a relatively off-line visual processing with a dependency on proprioceptive information.