• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.223-229
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• 2008

In this paper. we propose the real-time vision system which judges drowsiness driving based on levels of drivers' fatigue. The proposed system is to prevent traffic accidents by warning the drowsiness and carelessness using face-image analysis and fuzzy logic algorithm. We find the face position and eye areas by using fuzzy skin filter and virtual face model in order to develop the real-time face detection algorithm, and we measure the eye blinking frequency and eye closure duration by using their informations. And then we propose the method for estimating the levels of drivel's fatigue based on measured data by using the fuzzy logic and for deciding whether drowsiness driving is or not. Finally, we show the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method through some experiments.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.57 no.12
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• pp.2281-2284
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper is to develope the drowsiness-drive perception system which judges drowsiness driving based on drivers' eye region using single vision system. To do this, first, we use the Haar-like feature and AdaBoost learning algorithm for detecting the features of the face region. And we measure the eye blinking frequency and eye closure duration from these feature data. And then, we propose the drowsiness-drive detection algorithm using the eye blinking frequency and eye closure duration. Finally, we have shown the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method through some experiments.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.145-159
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• 2004

A mathematical model and its computer solution program were proposed to analyze the motion of contact lenses which are being subject to lid-blinking. The equation was derived by incorporating an acceleration induced lid's force exerting on the contact lens, the viscous damping resistance in the tear layer beneath the lens and the sliding frictional force between the lid and the contact lens surface into the formulation of differential equation describing the vibration. The model predicts the time-dependent displacement from the equilibrium postion during/after the blinking. During the blinking, as the time for the completion of one cycle of blinking decreases the off-the-equilibrium displacement of contact lens increases while the decrease of diameter in the contact cause the opposite effect. It is found that lid pressure exerting on the lens cause an insignificant lens displacement from the equilibrium position. After blinking the frequency of damped oscillation of contact lens decreases as the diameter of lens increases, due to the incresed surface while the reduced blinking time does not cause a significant frequency change. This is because that driving force for the contact lens movement posterior to blinking is the capillary-induced force not the lid force.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.481-487
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• 2013

Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the visual reactions of users when they are playing games of different flow levels, and to explore the visual variables that can sensitively reflect the different flow levels. Background: The flow is defined as a psychological state where interface users feel their actions in a virtual setting identical to those in real environment. To measure the flow states of users, the questionnaire-based FSS(Flow State Scale) has mostly been used. However, this method is a qualitative test that has limits in terms of the accuracy of users' flow experiences. Therefore, more accurate methods to measure users' flow experiences are required. Method: Ten subjects participated in the experiment, where the independent variables were three games with different flow levels(puzzle games, dot drawing and coloring) and the time frame(the first and last 10 seconds in game playing), whereas the dependent variables included the pupil size and the frequency and duration of eye blinking. This study was a within-subject design. Each participant performed three types of games with different flow levels 3 times for each for 10 minutes, and their visual reactions to each game were measured. Results: The higher the flow cause the bigger pupil size(p<0.01) and the lower eye blinking frequency(p<0.1), indicating that different types of games lead to different flow levels. The pupil size during the last 10 seconds when the flow level was higher was bigger by 2.1% compared with that during the first 10 seconds in game playing(p<0.1), and the eye blinking frequency decreased by 12%(p<0.01). Conclusion: It was found out that the pupil size and the frequency and duration of eye blinking were psychophysiological indices for evaluating users' flow experiences, which could quantify the flow states users go through. The psychophysiological variables capable of measuring diverse aspects of the flow need diversifying to be applicable to precise measurement of the flow. Application: These studies are warranted for both quantitative analysis of flow levels and qualitative improvement of cyber leisure in line with development of healthy games.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.237-245
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• 2007

Objective : The Dry Eye Syndrome is characterized by reduction of the stability of the tearfilm and a set of alterations of the eye surface which could relate to tear quality, normal makeup of tearfilm and alterations in blinking or regular closing of eyelids. We treated 3 patients who was suffering with severe Dry Eye Syndrome and assessed the effectiveness of Oriental Medicine in the treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome. Methods : The patients were treated by acupunture, Gi Guk Yang Hyeol-decoction(Qijuyangxie-decoction). The improvement of the symptom was judged the subjective symptoms by the change of Ocular Surface Disease Index. Result : We observed in 2 cases of the patient significant decrease in the frequency of subjective symptoms, 1 case was not treated. Conclusion: The Oriental Medicine had effective results in Dry Eye syndrome. We need to have more observation and examination of Dry Eye syndrome.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.89-97
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• 2014

In this paper, we propose real-time program that measure open-close frequency of mouth and eyes to detect drowsiness of a driver. This program detects a face to the CCD camera image using OpenCV library. Then that extracts each area using CDF for eye detection and Active Contour for mouth detection based on detected face. This system measures each frequency of Open-Close using extracted area data of eyes and mouth. We propose foundation technique how to perform sleepiness decision of users based on measurement data.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2008.07a
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• pp.1897-1898
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 비젼을 이용한 영상처리 기술을 기반으로 운전자의 피로도를 측정하여 졸음운전을 감지하여 경고하는 실시간 시스템을 제안한다. 제안된 시스템은 얼굴 영상 분석과 퍼지 이론을 이용하여 운전자의 졸음 또는 부주의함을 감지하여 경고함으로서 교통사고를 미연에 방지하는 시스템이다. 본 논문에서는 실시간 얼굴 탐색 알고리즘 개발을 위해 퍼지 색상 필터와 가상 얼굴 모형을 이용하여 얼굴위치 및 눈 영역을 보다 빠르게 검출하고, 눈 깜박임의 빈도수(Eye blinking frequency)와 눈의 닫힘 지속 기간(Eye closure duration)을 측정하는 방법은 제안한다. 그 다음, 측정된 데이터를 기반으로 퍼지논리를 사용하여 운전자의 피로도를 결정하고 졸음운전 여부를 감지 및 판단하는 방법을 제안한다. 마지막으로, 제안된 방법은 여러 실험을 통해 운전자의 졸음운전 감지 능력의 우수성을 증명한다.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2006.11b
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• pp.1240-1246
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• 2006

Generally, there are two types of main factors to affect output power quality of a auxiliary power supply an EMU(electric multiple unit). One is a voltage flicker by amplitude modulation of short time and air compressors. The other is repetitive motion of large capacity motor such as air compressors, HVAC unit etc. in main factors. This paper compared two kinds of fluorescent lamp, 32W (after remodeling interior) and 40W(before remodeling interior) and measured the light output varying input power(AC220V) for a flicker phenomenon related power supply of lamps in EMU. Also, we analyzed a flicker considering EMU operating time and density in order to grasp main factors of a load change to cause a voltage change. As a results of test, a 40W fluorescent lamp was more insensitive with 20.26% degree an eye recognition degree sides about changes of the input power and lower with 19.9% voltage side generating flicker compare with fluorescent lamp 32W. Also, we confirmed the fact which the fluorescent lamp flicker was generated by varying fluorescent lamp output voltage when the commercial EMU was in high driving density and at the busy time. Additionally, we confirmed the frequency band which an EMU passenger could feel sensitively blinking of a fluorescent lamp was visually $8Hz{\sim}15Hz$.