• PNF and Movement
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) patterns on electromyography (EMG) activity in the rectus abdominis, internal abdominal oblique, external abdominal oblique, and erector spinae according to position changes. Methods: Ten healthy adults volunteered to participate in the study. The subjects were required to complete exercises that followed two PNF extremity patterns, namely, an upper extremity extension-adduction-internal rotation pattern and a lower extremity flexion-adduction-external rotation pattern. The exercises were applied in the supine, side-lying, and sitting positions. Repeated measure one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni correction were used to determine the influence of the patterns on muscle activity for each muscle, and descriptive statistics were then used to determine the local/global muscle ratios. Results: The upper extremity pattern had a significant effect on the rectus abdominis and erector spinae in the supine position, and on the internal oblique and external oblique in the sitting position (p<0.05). The median value for the internal oblique/rectus abdominis showed a high ratio of 2.05, and a high ratio of 1.01 was shown for the internal oblique/external oblique in the sitting position. The lower extremity pattern had a significant effect on the rectus abdominis in the side-lying position and on the internal oblique, external oblique, and erector spinae in the sitting position (p<0.05). The median value for the internal oblique/rectus abdominis showed a high ratio of 2.83 in the sitting position and a high ratio of 1.30 for the internal oblique/external oblique in the side-lying position. Conclusion: The PNF pattern increases local muscle activation in an unstable position. Therefore, when the pattern is used for intervention purposes, trunk stability and varied position changes should be taken into account.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2015.11a
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• pp.565-571
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• 2015

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.59-73
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• 2020

Purpose: The ultimate purpose of this work is to investigate gender differences in the relationships between product quality cues and perceived values at a food select shop. Specifically, this study examines the effects of internal and external cues, which are indicators of product quality, on emotional and social values based on gender differences. Research design, data and methodology: In this study, a questionnaire technique was used to collect the data necessary to test the proposed model. 183 data were collected through this technique. PLS SEM (Partial Least Squares Structured Equation Model) was used to test the research model. Results: First, there is no gender difference between intrinsic cue and emotional value. When using male and female data, there was no significant causal relationship between intrinsic cues and emotional values. Second, we found no gender difference between intrinsic cue and social value. When analyzed with female data, there was no significant causal relationship between intrinsic cue and social value. On the other hand, in the case of men, it was found that a weak causal relationship exists. Third, this study found gender difference between extrinsic cue and emotional value. In the case of men, it was found that a weak causal relationship exists, whereas in the case of women, a strong causal relationship exists between extrinsic cue and emotional value. Fourth, we found gender difference between extrinsic cue and social value. In the case of men, there was no causal relationship, whereas in the case of women, there was a strong causal relationship between extrinsic cue and social value. Finally, we found that there are moderating roles of gender in the relationship between external cues and perceived quality. Conclusions: As a result of analysis, it is necessary to focus on extrinsic clues of product in order to increase the perceived emotional and social values of women. On the other hand, in order to improve the perceived emotional and social values of men, it is necessary to pay attention to both intrinsic and extrinsic cues of product. Therefore, it is necessary to consider what clues and values are important to core customers.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.604-613
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• 2016

The sea level of the Earth is rising approximately 2.0mm per year (global average value) due to thermal expansion of sea water, melting of glaciers and other causes by global warming. However, when it comes to design a river, the standard of design water level is decided by analyzing four largeness tide value and harmonic constant with observed tidal water level. Therefore, it seems the external water level needs to consider an increasing speed of the seawater level which corresponds to a design frequency. In the present study, the hourly observed tidal water level targeting 47 tidal stations operated by Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration (KHOA) from beginning of observation to 2015 per hour has been collected. The variation of monthly and yearly and increasing ratio have been performed divided 4 seas such as the Southern, East, Western, and Jeju Sea. Also, the external water level existing design for rivers nearby a coast was been reviewed. The current study could be used to figure out the cause of local seawater rise and reflect the external water level as basic data.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.132-142
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• 2018

This study attempts to identify the external and internal factors which affect collaboration motives and investigates their respective impacts from the perspective of foreign direct investment(FDI). Although there has been much research on collaboration motives, so far, few studies have associated collaboration motives with FDI. The findings suggest that while price competitiveness and cost structure uncertainty have a positive and significant impact on collaboration motives, the gross added value to property as well as plant and equipment have a significant negative impact. Furthermore, in the case of gross added value to both property and plant and equipment, managers tend to collaborate with others to enhance the value of these factors. For both FDI and non-FDI firms, internal factors such as price competitiveness and investment within three years are significant determinants for the decision to collaborate. The difference between FDI and non-FDI firms is that for the former, the gross added value to property, an internal factor, is a critical factor, while for the latter, the cost structure uncertainty, an external factor, is critical for collaboration. To summarize, this study suggests the following managerial implication: the enhancement of the internal competency of a firm broadens the window of opportunity for collaboration with others, and consequently provides a chance to boost management efficiency.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2010

This paper evaluates potential environmental impacts and external costs on rice production of Korea. The investigation is based on LCA in agricultural area which estimates inputs and outputs of rice production system in quantitative way. The results show that environmental impacts on organic rice(4.49E-08 DALY/kg) is level on 4.5% out of conventional rice(9.97E-07 DALY/kg). The external costs of organic and conventional rice are 4.04won/kg and 89.52won/kg respectively. The balance of both organic and conventional rice which is 85.48won/kg represents monetary value on improvement of environmental effects as producing organic rice.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.612-619
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• 1999

Internal and external defects of an inner pulley for automobile air conditioner are investigated in this study. Inner pulley is a part of compressor clutch assembly of automobile air conditioner. In cold forging of inner pulley, the design requirement are to keep the same height of the inner rib and outer one and to make uniform distribution of hardness in the forged product. At the end of the forging of inner pulley, the piping defect as an external defect begins to form at the back center of the billet. The internal crack as an internal defect also occur at the adiabatic shear band which usually has maximum ductile fracture value. It is important to predict when the internal and external defects occur during the deformation process, in order to minimize the amount of discard that is generated. The finite element simulations are applied to analyze the defects. The validity of the computational results are examined by experiments. These computational results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.99-107
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• 2004

Likelihood of failure (LOF) for the external corrosion of stainless steel, which affect to a risk of facilities, was analyzed quantitatively through the risk based inspection using API-581 BRD. We found that the technical module subfactor (TMSF) decreased as the inspection number increased and it increased as the inspection effectiveness and the used year increased, and that the TMSF showed high value for the case of the marine/cooling tower drift area as a corrosion driver, In this condition, the LOF for the external corrosion of stainless steel had lower than that for the carbon and low alloy steels

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.234-241
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• 2006

A functional external fixator system for bone deformity near the joints using worm gear was developed for curing the angle difference in fracture bones while the lengthening bar was developed for curing the differences in length, also in fracture bones. Both experiments and FE analysis were performed to compare the elastic stiffness in several loading modes and to improve the functional external fixator system for bone deformity near joints. The FE model using compressive and bending FE analysis was applied due to the angle differentiations. The results indicate that compressive stiffness value in the experiment was 175.43N/mm, bending stiffness value in the experiment was 259.74 N/mm, compressive stiffness value in the FEA was 188.67 N/mm, and bending stiffness value in the FEA was 285.71 N/mm. Errors between experiments and FEA were less than $10\%$ in both the 'compressive stiffness and the bending stiffness. The maximum stress (157 MPa) applied to the angle of the clamp was lower than the yield stress (176.4 MPa) of SUS316L. The degree of stiffness in both axial compression and bending of the new fixator are about 2 times greater than other products, with the exception of EBI (2003).

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.226-233
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• 2014

This paper presents an external light evasion method that rectifies the problem of misrecognition due to external lighting. The fundamental concept underlying the proposed method involves recognition of the differences between two images and elimination of the desynchronized external light by synchronizing the image sensor and inner light source of the optical touch screen. A range of artificial indoor light sources and natural sunlight are assessed. The proposed system synchronizes with a Vertical Synchronization (VSYNC) signal and the light source drive signal of the image sensor. Therefore, it can display synchronized light of the acquired image through the image sensor and remove external light that is not from the light source. A subtraction operation is used to find the differences and the absolute value of the result is utilized; hence, the order is irrelevant. The resulting image, which displays only a touched blob on the touchscreen, was created after image processing for coordination recognition and was then supplied to a coordination extraction algorithm.