• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.243-254
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• 2023

Microtubules in the cell are influenced by internal and external stimulation and play an important part in conveying protein substances and in carrying out medications to the intended targets. Waves are produced during these functions and in order to control the biological cell functions, it is important to know the wave velocities of microtubules. Owing to cylindrical shell shaped and mechanically elastic and orthotropic, cylindrical shell model based on gradient elasticity theory has been used. Wave velocities of the protein microtubule are carried out by considering Love's thin shell theory and Navier solution. Also the effect of size parameter and other variables on the results are investigated.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.195-203
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• 2024

Muscle disorders arise from genetic factors or other external environmental influences, leading to muscle loss and decreased strength. Muscle disease is closely related to age, and with the global progression of aging, there is increasing interest in the prevention and treatment of muscle diseases among the elderly population. Muscles release various substances during contraction and relaxation when exercising, and growth and differentiation are enhanced. Similar effects can be achieved by vibration stimulations of specific frequencies. To examine the response of muscle cells to vibration stimuli, an in vitro vibration device capable of setting various frequencies and amplitudes was developed for use with a 6-well plate. In vitro vibrational stimulation was applied to C2C12 myoblasts to quantify the growth and differentiation of myoblasts, as well as cell apoptosis. 10 Hz vibrational stimuli resulted in increases in ERK signaling and decreases in cell death. Moreover, an increase in the number of exposures to vibration promoted cellular differentiation. In conclusion, 10 Hz vibrational stimuli have the potential to increase muscle growth and differentiation and reduce apoptosis in C2C12 myoblasts.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.31
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• pp.289-319
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• 2011

Chutzu has established a theory of human mind and moral mind(人心道心說) by quoting the key of cultivation of mind comprised of sixteen letters(十六字心法) to a preface of Zhongyong(中庸章句序) and making comments on the key. Chutzu's theory of human mind and moral mind explains the supervision of mind that materializes chung-ho(中和), which is the core theme of Zhongyong(中庸). Supervision of mind is completed by consciousness. Chutzu defines consciousness as 'preparing the principle(理) and practicing the emotion(情)'. So, consciousness derives the reaction from the principle(理) in order to respond to the external stimulation. By being conscious, mind(心) reveals original nature(性) into emotion(情). An aspect that mind(心) keeps original nature prior to the external stimulation is un-awakened(未發). Once stimulation occurs, mind(心) becomes conscious of the principle which is proper to the situation. In sympathetic situation, sympathetic emotion is revealed by being conscious of benevolence(仁). In judgment situation, the emotion which judges right or wrong is revealed by being conscious of wisdom(智). An aspect of revealing the proper emotion relevant to the situation is wakened(已發). Mind(心) keeps all the original nature of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom(仁義禮智). It supervises original nature and emotion, and reveals chung-ho(中和) by being conscious of the proper principle(理). Moral mind must supervise to accomplish chung-ho(中和), and gewuzhizhi(格物致知) must be done first to enhance the supervision of moral mind. By establishing a theory of human mind and moral mind(人心道心說), Chutzu completes a theory of mind that covers both theories of chung-ho(中和說) and gewuzhizhi(格物致知說).

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.147-196
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• 2023

Advances in brain science have made it possible to stimulate the brain to treat brain disorder or to connect directly between the neuron activity and an external devices. Non-invasive neurotechnologies already exist, but invasive neurotechnologies can provide more precise stimulation or measure brainwaves more precisely. Nowadays deep brain stimulation (DBS) is recognized as an accepted treatment for Parkinson's disease and essential tremor. In addition DBS has shown a certain positive effect in patients with Alzheimer's disease and depression. Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) are in the clinical stage but help patients in vegetative state can communicate or support rehabilitation for nerve-damaged people. The issue is that the people who need these invasive neurotechnologies are those whose capacity to consent is impaired or who are unable to communicate due to disease or nerve damage, while DBS and BCI operations are highly invasive and require informed consent of patients. Especially in areas where neurotechnology is still in clinical trials, the risks are greater and the benefits are uncertain, so more explanation should be provided to let patients make an informed decision. If the patient is under guardianship, the guardian is able to substitute for the patient's consent, if necessary with the authorization of court. If the patient is not under guardianship and the patient's capacity to consent is impaired or he is unable to express the consent, korean healthcare institution tend to rely on the patient's near relative guardian(de facto guardian) to give consent. But the concept of a de facto guardian is not provided by our civil law system. In the long run, it would be more appropriate to provide that a patient's spouse or next of kin may be authorized to give consent for the patient, if he or she is neither under guardianship nor appointed enduring power of attorney. If the patient was not properly informed of the risks involved in the neurosurgery, he or she may be entitled to compensation of intangible damages. If there is a causal relation between the malpractice and the side effects, the patient may also be able to recover damages for those side effects. In addition, both BCI and DBS involve the implantation of electrodes or microchips in the brain, which are controlled by an external devices. Since implantable medical devices are subject to product liability laws, the patient may be able to sue the manufacturer for damages if the defect caused the adverse effects. Recently, Korea's medical device regulation mandated liability insurance system for implantable medical devices to strengthen consumer protection.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.11-22
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• 2019

Background: Sling exercises are frequently used for the rehabilitation process of patients with shoulder joint injuries, but research on the significant frequency intensity and appropriate treatment duration for sling exercises with local vibration stimulation is lacking. Objects: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sling exercise with vibration on shoulder range of motion (ROM), muscle strength, pain, and dysfunction in patients with a medical diagnosis of shoulder joint injury. Methods: Twenty-two patients were randomly assigned to the experiment and control groups. Six sling exercises with and without 50 Hz vibrations were applied in the experiment and control groups, respectively. Each exercise consisted of 3 sets of 5 repetitions performed for 6 weeks. The assessment tools used included shoulder joint range of motion, muscle strength, pain level, and shoulder pain and disability index for functional disability. We conducted re-evaluations before and 3 and 6 weeks after intervention. The changes in the measurement variables were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Results: The ROM of the external rotation of the shoulder joint had a significant interaction between the group and the measurement point (F=3.652, p<.05). In both groups, we found a significant increase in external rotation angle between the measurement points (p<.05). The flexor strength of the shoulder joint significant interaction between the group and the measurement point (F=4.247, p<.05). Both the experiment (p<.01) and control groups (p<.05) showed a significant increase in shoulder flexor strength at the measurement points. After 6 weeks of the interventions, both the groups showed significantly improved VAS (p<.01), SPADI (p<.01), and orthopedic tests (p<.01). However, there was no significant difference between the group and the measurement point in terms of the clinical outcomes observed. Conclusion: The sling exercise with local vibration of 50 Hz affected the external rotation of the shoulder range of motion and improved shoulder flexor strength in the patients with shoulder injuries. Therefore, we propose the use of the sling exercise intervention with vibration in the exercise rehabilitation of patients with shoulder joint injuries.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.930-942
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• 2008

Following conclusions were derived from researching various consumption caused after surgical operation. The meaning of surgery in HyungSang medical point of view is a big flaw of the original configuration. Therefore meaning, the loss of container to store something. Changes of the body after surgery can be formation of stagnated blood and abnormal cyst of the removed part and entangled undigested food and stagnant blood. After surgery when the symptoms become chronic or the patients develop side effects as they age, consumption and aging process begins. HyungSang medical treatments of consumption caused after surgery are the followings. We should prevent aging of the framework by using appropriate medication to make up for faults in Gall Bladder, Bladder type and six meridian type by considering its form, color, pulse and symptoms. Stability of emotion that can endure various mental stimulation is needed. Prevent stagnation, indigestion, obstruction and numbness by smoothing up the constructive energy and the defensive energy in the operated part. The Heart and Kidney should be under control and Stomach and Spleen should be reinforced so that food intake is accelerated and produce vital substances and Ki and blood. Eum blood and Yang Ki should circulate around the body well. Examine daily life and if small changes in skin complexion, appetite, sleep and excretion occur, also difference in adaptation of external stimulation and mental health occurs immediate treatment and care is necessary. Treatment of side-effects caused from both aging process and post-surgery in HyungSang's view point is considered better than other ways of treatment and will contribute in expanding the field of medical science.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated the effects of five EMS lumbar back pressure belts produced on an anatomical basis on lumbar spine stabilization. Five core muscles were selected, including the urinal, vertebral column, endotracheal, external abdominal, and large back muscles, and patterns were designed using a conductive fabric considering the appropriate muscle shape and pain-causing points. We experimented with four motions to examine the effects of different EMS abdominal compression belts on lumbar spine stabilization. Five healthy men in their 20s were selected. The selection conditions include no back pain history for the past three months, no restricted movements through pre-inspection, and the muscular strength of the body should belong to the normal grade. Using SLR, the sequence of experimental actions was chosen from the following but not limited to left-hand, body-hand, and back-line forces. Resting between movements lasted for 2 min, and the experiments were conducted after wearing the EMS abdominal pressure belt. Electrical stimulation was applied for 10 min to increase blood flow and muscle activation. The statistics of the experimental results were analyzed for specific differences by conducting the Wilcoxon and Friedman tests with nonparametric tests. The ranking results of each pattern were successfully assessed in the order of 5, 4, 3, 1, 2 for the five patterns, and we could identify slightly more significant results for experimental behavior associated with each muscle movement. Patterns produced based on anatomy showed differentiated effects when electric stimulation was applied to each muscle in different shapes, which could improve the stabilization of the lumbar spine in everyday life or training to the public. Based on these results, subsequent research would focus on developing smart healthcare clothing that is practical in daily life by employing different anatomical mechanisms, depending on the back pain, to utilize trunk-type tights.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.238-244
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• 2019

In this study, we compared and analyzed the performance of each Convolution Neural Network (CNN) by implementing the CNN that reflected the characteristics of the cerebral structure, in order to analyze the CNN that was used for the prediction of cybersickness, and provided the performance varying depending on characteristics of the brain. Dizziness has many causes, but the most severe symptoms are considered attributable to vestibular dysfunction associated with the brain. Brain waves serve as indicators showing the state of brain activities, and tend to exhibit differences depending on external stimulation and cerebral activities. Changes in brain waves being caused by external stimuli and cerebral activities have been proved by many studies and experiments, including the thesis of Martijn E. Wokke, Tony Ro, published in 2019. Based on such correlation, we analyzed brain wave data collected from dizziness-inducing environments and implemented the dizziness predictive artificial neural network reflecting characteristics of the cerebral structure. The results of this study are expected to provide a basis for achieving optimal performance of the CNN used in the prediction of dizziness, and for predicting and preventing the occurrence of dizziness under various virtual reality (VR) environments.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.435-443
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the mismatch between instructional design and teaching practice of pre-service science teachers and to investigate the cause of these mismatches. Twenty pre-service science teachers took part in teaching practicum for four weeks from Apr. 2015 to May 2015 and we analyzed their lesson plans and videos of these lessons. After that, we interviewed the pre-service science teachers in order to know the cause of these mismatches and additional informations. The main findings are as follows. First, in the introductory stage, we found more mismatch in the "attention and motivation stimulation" area than any other area. Many pre-service science teachers corrected their 'motivation practice' in different forms. Second, we found out that the most mismatch occurred in the evolving stage. Many pre-service science teachers added learning contents in "learning content presentation" area. Third, in the closing stage, many pre-service science teachers omitted the "leaning content summary" area in the lack of time. Fourth, the number of mismatches by internal factors is similar of by external factors. The mismatches by external factors were mainly by feedback of guidance teacher and change by students' response. In addition, we discussed the implications related to reflective mentoring program, importance of guidance teacher, importance of time management etc.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.1918-1920
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• 2005

The color and structure of urban constructions is a factor of urban landscape and shows their characteristics. Hence the modern buildings with their materials and external appearance makes up the urban image. But still yet, it was not easy to evaluate the value of visual landscape of buildings with objective measuring method. Most of all, it depends on the subjective estimation of a few talented or high educated experts with a sense of beauty. In relation to this kind of problems, it was tried here in this study to analyse the human response of brain wave pattern (EEG) with use of SD method, while the tested persons watched the urban landscape constructed in a visual reality. The tested persons were 10 adult males and females with no color blindness and intact cognitive function. Light source with color filter was used for color environment in chamber room. The signal of EEG is analysed digitally and grouped into the $\alpha$ and $\beta$ waves. The result showed that relative power of $\alpha$ wave ratio increased in natural landscape scenary clearly. From these results it was possible to evaluate the human response, which was affected by urban color and structure stimulation and it might be useful as an indicator of visual cognition amenity toward the design of urban construction environment.