• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.59-89
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• 1978

The analyzed results of the actual state of stow net fishery based on the cost expended are as follows. According to the calculation of interests, the total cost of this fishery comes to ￦38,010,653 and in this account, the production cost comes to ￦35,477,198(93.3%), the material cost, 14,567,239(38.3%), the labour cost, 12,740,274(33.5%), the expenses, ￦8,169,685(21.5%), the commision and administration expenses, 2,533,455(6.7%). The expenses for this fishery are paid out as production costs, and the expenses for sale and administration expenses are the lowest of them, and the 93% of expenses are paid out as production costs. The ratio of cost element to 100% is as follow. The wages, 28.4%, fuel, 15.2%, repair, 11.6%, deprecation, 9.5%, fishing gear, 8.7%, ice, 6.1%, container(box for fish), 5.2% administration expenses, 5.2%, food, 3.5%, ship grar, 3.2%, public welfare, 1.7%, commision for sale, 1.5%, insurance for crew, 0.2%, taxes, 0.2%. This fishery is managed with the larger fishing boat than it was and so, it demands better crews with higher wages. In the former fishery, the search for fishing ground is very difficult with long navigation and great fuel consumption. when the weak fishing gears are used, the expenses for their repair and for their gears are greatly paid out. The unit costs of catches to each box come to ￦2.807(￦187 each kg). As the ratio of cost of sales comes to 86.7%and the ratio of interests comes to ￦5,850,812(13.3%), and so the net profit comes to 13.3% of total profits. According to above the ratio of cost of sales is shown as a universal validity, Asthe total expenses comes to 86.7% to the money on sales in the break-even point, the break-even point comes to ￦26,209,168 Accordingly for the profit control the account of production should be raised, and by the saving method of expenditure the break-even point should be brought down for the development of total profits.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.132-144
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• 2013

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the medical expense change and influencing factors after introducing longterm care insurance system. The study period was 2 years before and after introduction of the system. Methods: We analyzed data collected from two divided group lived in Incheon. Four hundred and eighty-five elderly who received long-term care wage for one year were selected for experimental group. For control group, 1,940 elderly were selected by gender and age stratified random sampling. Difference-In-difference analyses was used for evaluating policy effectiveness. Also multiple regression analyses were conducted to identify the factors associated with total medical expenditures. The control variables were demographic variables, economic status, diseases, and medical examination variables. Results: Difference-in-difference analyses showed that total average medical expenses among long-term patients has decreased by 61.85%. Of these, the hospitalization expenses have decreased by 91.63% and the drug expenses have increased by 31.85%. Multiple regression analyses results showed that total average medical expenses among long-term patients have significantly decreased by 46.5% after introducing the long-term care insurance. The hospitalization expenses have significantly decreased by 148.5%, whereas the drug expenses have increased by 53.6%. And outpatient expenses have increased by 10.4%, but the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The results showed that total medical expenses and hospitalization expenses have decreased after introducing the long-term care insurance. These results could support the opinion that the health insurance spending among long-term patients will be reduced gradually by long-term care insurance through changing medical demand.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.16-29
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• 1989

The general objective of this study is to grasp the treatment expenses of common diseases by character of medical care institutions. The specific objective is to find out the treatment expenses for selected common diseases by type of medical care institutions and also by level of symptom. A record review method was employed to obtain required information for the analysis of expenses. A total of 40,000 cases treated by 85 medical care institutions were selected by the study team during the period 22 June to 14 July 1988. The 85 medical care institutions were sampled by stratified proportionate random sampling method. The major findings obtained from the information collected by the study team are as follows ; 1) Treatment expenses were composed of physical examination, medication, injection anesthesia, rehabilitation surgical intervention, lab test, X-ray and diagnosis. The highest expenses was for medication, accounted for 36.7% of the total: 13.9%, injection; Lab, tests respectively: 10.5%, physical examination : 8.6% surgical intervention; 7.9% admission : 6.3%, X-ray and diagnosis: 1.5%, rehabilitation. 2) Treatment expenses per case of common diseases were quite different from not only type of medical care institutions, such as university hospital, general hospital, hospital and clinic, but also from level of symptom. 3) Treatment expenses per case for the aged were higher than that of the young. The treatment cases for over 60 years of age accounted for 19.4% of the total, however the proportion of treatment expenses accounted for 23.8% of the total. 4) Duration of treatment and visits for same diseases varied from type of medical cara institutions. Based on these study findings, the following further research should be conducted: (1) Establishment of health care delivery system. (2) Feasibility of the development of health care programme for the aged. (3) Strengthening for primary health care approach.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.165-186
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• 2019

The parties are jointly and severally liable to pay to the arbitrators such reasonable fees and expenses (if any) as are appropriate in the circumstances. Any party may apply to the court (upon notice to the other parties and to the arbitrators) which may order that the amount of the arbitrators' fees and expenses shall be considered and adjusted by such means and upon such terms as it may direct. Arbitrators' fees and expenses are calculated on the basis of informal time fees determined by the arbitrators themselves, and the fees and expenses also vary greatly depending on the nature of the case. Obviously, when appointing a member of the LMAA as an arbitrator, it is rare to negotiate the fees and expenses with the arbitrator and to make specific arrangements for the fees and expenses. And it is common for between an arbitrator and a party to have an arbitrator agreement only in accordance with LMAA Terms. And it is common for between an arbitrator and a party to have an arbitrator agreement only in accordance with LMAA Terms. The purpose of this study analyzes the structure of arbitrators' fees and expenses under the UK Arbitration Act and LMAA Terms 2017. The contents can be divided into the relationship between the arbitrator and the parties (the claim of fees, the type of fees) and the relationship between the parties(the burden rate of arbitrators' fees). In this regard, this study suggests the implications after comparatively analyzing the UK Arbitration Act and the LMAA Terms 2017.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2005

Objectives : To analyze medical expenses by cancer site and survival time among cancer patients in their last year of life. Method : The study subjects were 45,394 people that had died of cancers in 2002, were registered by the Korea Central Cancer Registry and received National Health Insurance benefit in the last year (360 days) of life. Personal identification data, general characteristics, dates of death and cancer incidence, and site of cancer were collected from the National Statistical Office and the Korea Central Cancer Registry, and merged with the data of the individual medical expenses of the Health Insurance Review Agency. Results : Average monthly cost curves were U-shaped with high costs near the time of diagnosis and death, and lower costs in between. Medical expenses in the last year of life were around 30.3, 16.7, 13.0, and 12.1 million won among leukemia, lymphoma, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer patients, respectively. Digestive organ cancers including stomach, esophagus, liver, pancreas, and colorectal cancers had relatively low medical expenses. Medical expenses in the last year of life were inverse U-shaped with high expenses near one year of survival. Average monthly cost in the 12 months before death among the patients who had survived $10{\sim}15$ years were more than two-fold greater than the cost before diagnosis among those who had survived for less than one year. Conclusions : Leukemia was the most expensive cancer. It is possible that once diagnosed as cancer, medical expenses do not return to the level before diagnosis. Further research will be needed to understand the magnitude and change of the medical expenses among cancer patients with long term follow up data.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.71-87
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• 2011

Objective : The present study is aimed at providing basic data to help oriental medical hospitals devise efficient operational plans by analyzing the medical expenses of in-patients in an oriental medical hospital and the factors affecting such expenses. Methods : PASW 18.0 was used to analyze the medical insurance program data of 929 patients who were discharged from a university oriental medical hospital(with 105 sick-beds) during the period from January 1 to December 31, 2010 after treatment under the coverage of health insurance and medical aid. Results : 1) Of all the patients hospitalized, 63.3% were females, their mean age was 52.73 years old, and 87.7% was covered by the health insurance program. The biggest number or 31.2% of the patients were treated by the department of acupuncture, 31.5% suffered mainly from the diseases of musculoskeletal system and connective tissues, and the average length of stay at the hospital was 19.49 days. 2) There were statistically significant differences in total medical expenses by age, clinical department in charge, principal diagnosis, and number of days hospitalized while daily average medical expenses differed depending on age, type of medical security, clinical department, principal diagnosis, and number of days staying at the hospital. 3) Total medical expenses were found significantly influenced by age, type of medical security, clinical department, principal diagnosis, and number of days hospitalized(explanatory power : 95.9%), whereas type of medical security, clinical department and principal diagnosis turned out to exercise significant influence on the daily average medical expenses(explanatory power : 26.9%). Conclusion : Oriental medical hospitals are suggested to make efforts to ensure geographical and economical accessibility for their main clients, the elderly and middle-aged, as well as to improve satisfaction of the clients with the medical service provided. They are also encouraged to work out systems to specialize in treatment with a focus on chronic degenerative and adult diseases. In addition, they are expected to try to enhance people's awareness of oriental medicine in an attempt to diversify the brackets of clients and increase frequency of their utilization.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.73-87
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to setup reasonable criterion for underwriters to reimburse the expenses of suing and labouring incurred by assured, using game theory. As for the upper limit for the reimbursement, MIA and ICC do not mention at all but stipulate that proper and reasonable expenses shall be reimbursed, while ITC-Hulls set the amount insured as the upper limit to compensate the sum of expenses and damage loss. And as for failed measures of averting and minimizing loss, MIA and ICC do not mention either, while ITC-Hulls stipulates underwriters shall compensate the expenses and damage loss within the amount insured. The main results of this paper are as follows: First, it is for the benefit of underwriters to reimburse the expenses incurred to take such reasonable measures to avert or minimizing a loss which would be recoverable under the insurance. Second, the expenses of single measure should not be above the amount insured. Third, even if the measures failed, the expense should be reimbursed if it is less than the expected value of the subject-matter insured that could be recovered by the measures. Last, if the measures are taken several times individually, even if the sum of expenses might be above the amount insured, it should be reimbursed.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.115-130
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the practical oriental medical expenses by the use of internal data of an oriental hospital due to the bias of medical insurance program data. The purpose of this study was to describe prevalent diseases of clinical department in the studied hospital, to analyze medical expenses structure and to verify the each cost share ration of expenses on insurer to insuree. Under this purpose, we analyzed actual medical expenses data of 1,611 hospitalized patients of the oriental medical university hospital with 150 beds that can be approached to internal data from Jan. 1, 1994 to Dec. 31, 1994. The major findings are as follows : 1. Upper five of most frequent diseases of admitted patients were Joul-Jung-Pung(55.5%), Yoo-Kak-Tong(7.3%), Yoo-/Tong(7.1%), Gu-An-Wa-Sa(2.7%) and sequale of Joul- Jung-Pung(2.4%) 2. In medical expenses structure, hospital ward fee was 47.1%, medication fee 41.3%, fee for procedure(acupuncture, moxibustion, negative therapy, physical therapy, etc) 11.1% and consultation fee 0.5%. In addition to the cost share ration of insuree & that of insurer was 75:25 respectly.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.80-89
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• 2015

Background: This study aims to identify the monthly average medical expenses of public pension recipients, and analyze the determinants of total health and medical expenses and Western and Oriental medicine expenses, medical service expenses, and medical supplies expenses. Methods: This study used the fifth year data of 2013 out of the raw data of the Korean Retirement and Income Study collected by the National Pension Research Institute. This study conducted t-test, analysis of variance, and linear regression to verify publicly the relevance between pension recipients' general characteristics and health and medical expenses status using IBM SPSS ver. 21.0 for data analysis. Results: It was analyzed that there is a difference in the spending of expenditure and health care costs according to public pension recipients. Medical expenses of the national pensioners was higher compared to the special corporate pensioners. The national pensioner is related expenditure size, education level, family members living together, residential areas, status of spouse, number of chronic illness, and status of limitation in daily life with psychological health status. Conclusion: Therefore, fairness does not occur fire to the medical use between the special corporate pensioners and national pensioners, aggressive of government such as health policy and financial support for the retiree pension policy that reflects the reality intervention would be required.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.87-101
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• 2008

Using the 1999 National Survey of America's Families(NSAF), this study investigated the factors that affect child care expenses and examined financial and social support of single mother families in the U. S. In this study, 4,676 single mother families with children aged twelve and under are included for the analytical sample. About half of all single mother families with children under age 12 had some amount of child care expenses in 1999. Monthly child care expenses for those who had child care expenses was an average of $255 and it accounted for about 15 percent of their family earnings. The profile of financial and social support showed that about one-quarter of single mothers received financial support for child care, one-fifth received free child care by relatives and about 40 percent received child support payments from nonresident fathers. Tobit analysis results showed that the significant factors that affected child care expenses were mother's age, marital status, educational level, employment status, the numbers of children aged 0-5, family income, the receipt of public assistance and financial support for child care.