• 노동경제논집
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.33-59
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 Becker의 자녀 수요에 대한 경제 모형을 설명하고, 우리나라 가구의 자녀수 와 사교육비 지출행태가 이 모형에 의해 설명될 수 있는지를 살펴보았다. 재정패널 자료를 사용하여 분석한 결과, 가구소득은 자녀수와 유의한 상관관계가 없으나 자녀 1인당 사교육비는 유의한 양(+)의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타나 우리나라의 저출산 현상이 가구소득이 증가하면서 자녀 질에 대한 부모의 수요가 증가한 것일 가능성을 제기할 수 있다. 가구소득뿐만 아니라 부모의 학력과 자녀의 연령이 높을수록 자녀 1인당 사교육비 지출이 높아지는 경향이 있음을 보이고 있어 부모와 자녀 사이에 교육 투자를 통한 학력과 부의 대물림 현상이 나타날 수 있음을 보인다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.125-143
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of households with a negative cash flow. The Household Budget Survey conducted in 2000, 2005, and 2010 by the Bureau of Statistics in South Korea were used for this study. The households used in this study were divided into four groups according to their income levels; they were categorized the lowest, low, middle, and high income groups. This study made several findings regarding households with a negative/positive cash flow. Firstly, the demographic and economic characteristics were different between those who have a negative cash flow and those with a positive cash flow. A female household head, a household head age 65 and older, a household head with a lower educational attainment, an unemployed household head, and the presence of a child/children in schools were related with the household deficit. Secondly, the households with a positive cash flow had a higher income level compared to the households with a negative cash flow, while the households with a negative cash flow had a much higher consumption level compared to the households with a positive cash flow. Thirdly, the household deficit to total income ratio of the lowest income group was higher when compared to any other income group. Lastly, the multivariate statistics showed that households including a child/children in schools are more likely to be a household with a negative cash flow. Especially, the expenditures on education and transportation were related with the likelihood of a household deficit.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.447-462
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• 2021

In insurance, the surrender rate is an important variable that threatens the sustainability of insurers and determines the profitability of the contract. Unlike other actuarial assumptions that determine the cash flow of an insurance contract, however, it is characterized by endogenous variables such as people's economic, social, and subjective decisions. Therefore, a microscopic approach is required to identify and analyze the factors that determine the lapse rate. Specifically, micro-level characteristics including the individual, demographic, microeconomic, and household characteristics of policyholders are necessary for the analysis. In this study, we select panel survey data of Korean Retirement Income Study (KReIS) with many diverse dimensions to determine which variables have a decisive effect on the lapse and apply the lasso regularized regression model to analyze it empirically. As the data contain many missing values, they are imputed using the random forest method. Among the household variables, we find that the non-existence of old dependents, the existence of young dependents, and employed family members increase the surrender rate. Among the individual variables, divorce, non-urban residential areas, apartment type of housing, non-ownership of homes, and bad relationship with siblings increase the lapse rate. Finally, among the financial variables, low income, low expenditure, the existence of children that incur child care expenditure, not expecting to bequest from spouse, not holding public health insurance, and expecting to benefit from a retirement pension increase the lapse rate. Some of these findings are consistent with those in the literature.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.26-34
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• 2008

This cross-sectional study assessed household food insecurity among low-income rural communities and examined its association with demographic and socioeconomic factors as well as coping strategies to minimize food insecurity. Demographic, socioeconomic, expenditure and coping strategy data were collected from 200 women of poor households in a rural community in Malaysia. Households were categorized as either food secure (n=84) or food insecure (n=116) using the Radimer/Cornell Hunger and Food Insecurity instrument. T-test, Chi-square and logistic regression were utilized for comparison of factors between food secure and food insecure households and determination of factors associated with household food insecurity, respectively. More of the food insecure households were living below the poverty line, had a larger household size, more children and school-going children and mothers as housewives. As food insecure households had more school-going children, reducing expenditures on the children's education is an important strategy to reduce household expenditures. Borrowing money to buy foods, receiving foods from family members, relatives and neighbors and reducing the number of meals seemed to cushion the food insecure households from experiencing food insufficiency. Most of the food insecure households adopted the strategy on cooking whatever is available at home for their meals. The logistic regression model indicates that food insecure households were likely to have more children (OR=1.71; p<0.05) and non-working mothers (OR=6.15; p<0.05), did not own any land (OR=3.18; p<0.05) and adopted the strategy of food preparation based on whatever is available at their homes (OR=4.33; p<0.05). However, mothers who reported to borrow money to purchase food (OR=O.84; p<0.05) and households with higher incomes of fathers (OR=O.99; p<0.05) were more likely to be food secure. Understanding the factors that contribute to household food insecurity is imperative so that effective strategies could be developed and implemented.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.441-451
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• 2004

This study categorized the households into four by the comparison of wives' and husbands' earned income, such as one with higher wives' income than husbands' in dual-earner households, with higher wives' income than husbands' in household with unemployed husbands, with lower wives' income than husbands' in dual-earner households, and with lower wives' income than husbands' in household with unemployed wives. This study compared and analyzed the objective and subjective economic well-being, and overall satisfaction of life in those households. Major results are below. First, the amount of expenditures, saving, debt were low in one-earner household with employed husbands, but average propensity to expenditure was high in those households. The amount of saving was low in one-earner households with unemployed husbands, but the average propensity to expenditure and debt were high, resulting in the low status of economic well-being. The amount of saving and monetary assets were high, but average propensity to expenditure and debt were low in households in which wives had higher income than husbands, resulting in the high status of economic well-being. Second, husbands' satisfaction for the level of family income was not different among four groups of households. Wives's satisfaction for those was the lowest when wives' income was higher than husbands', but the highest in households with unemployed wives. Wives' and husbands' expectations for the future economic well-being of the households were negative in households with unemployed husbands. On the other hand, the level of satisfaction of wives and husbands for their life was not different among four groups of households. Finally, four groups of households were discriminated by age of husbands, number of children, debt, and wives' expectation for the future economic well-being.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.516-524
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• 2018

Objectives: This study assessed the accuracy of the 24-hour diet recall method for estimating the energy intake of elderly men using the doubly labeled water as a reference method. Methods: Seventeen subjects (mean age $72.5{\pm}3.9years$), who maintained the same body weight during the two weeks study period, were included in this study. Three 24-hour diet recalls (two weekdays and one weekend) were obtained over a 14 day period to estimate the mean energy intake. The total energy expenditure was measured over the same 14 days using the doubly labeled water method. The total energy intake and total energy expenditure were compared by paired t-test. Results: The total energy intake from the 24-hour diet recalls method was $2536.7{\pm}350.6kcal/day$, and the total energy expenditure from the doubly labeled water method was $2659.8{\pm}306.8kcal/day$. The total energy intake was slightly under-reported by $-123.2{\pm}260.8kcal/day$ (-4.4%). On the other hand, no significant difference was observed between the total energy intake and total energy expenditure of the subjects (p=0.069). The percentage of accurate predictions was 64.7%. The correlation between the total energy intake and total energy expenditure was statistically significant (r=0.697, p<0.005). Conclusions: The present study supports the use of the 24-hour diet recall method to estimate the mean energy intake in elderly men group. More studies are needed to assess the validity of 24-hour diet recall method in other population groups, including elderly women, adults and children.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2019

Purpose - With rapid population aging in Korea, changes in the population structure will result in a rise in the fiscal burden. This paper investigates the effects of population aging on fiscal spending based on Korea's province data and country panel data from the OECD. Research design, data, and methodology - We use province-level fiscal data from Local Finance Integrated Open System and the Korean Statistical Information Service and also collect country panel data from the OECD. To investigate the relationship between population aging and fiscal expenditures, our analysis uses the fixed effects model. Results - The empirical analysis based on Korean local finance and country panel data show that population aging has a positive impact on social welfare expenditures and it also has a positive impact on spending related to children and the elderly, implying that population aging may lead to an increase in fiscal spending via an increase in social welfare expenditures and spending related to children and the elderly. Conclusion - These empirical results suggest that countries like Korea that expect to experience rapid population aging need to pay more attention to prepare for the expected increase in age-related spending in the near future.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.206-225
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• 2012

General status of pediatric dentistry in Korea is to conduct vigorous academic activities and specialized medical care centering the Korean Association of Pediatric Dentistry (KAPD) that has about 1,000 pediatric dentists as members, pediatric dentistry departments of 11 Colleges of Dentistry, numbers of pediatric dentistry training institutions and private clinics specialized in children. From 1996, the accredited pediatric dentists were produced by the KAPD and from 2008, the state began to produce the accredited pediatric dentists. Since then, doctors with expertise in pediatric care had opened private clinics in addition to the university hospitals, it became the basis of a momentum to deepen the specialty of pediatric dentistry. The Dentistry community of Korea is going through rapid and profound changes recently, and the underlying reasons for such changes can be classified largely into a few categories: (1) Decreasing population and structural changes in population (2) Increase in numbers of dentists, (3) Changes in the pattern of dental diseases and (4) Changes in medical environment. In Korea, the children population in the age range of 0 ~ 14 years old had been decreased by 2 million in 2010 compared to that of 2000 due to reduction of birth rate. The current population of children in the age range of 0 ~ 4 years old in 2010 takes up 16.2% of the total population, but it is estimated that such percentage would decrease to 8.0% by 2050. Such percentage is largely behind the estimated mean global population of 19.6% by 2050. On the other hand, the number of dentists had been largely increased from 18,000 in 2000 to 25,000 in 2010. And it is estimated that the number will be increased to 41,000 by 2030. In addition, the specialized personnel of Pediatric dentistry had been shown as increased by 2.5 times during past 10 years. For the changes in the pattern of dental diseases, including dental caries, each df rate of 5 years old children and 12 years old children had been decreased by 21.9% and 16.7% respectively in 2010 compared to 2000. Each df Index also had been decreased by 2.5 teeth and 1.2 teeth respectively. The medical expenditure of Korea is less than that of OECD and more specifically, the expenditure from the National Health Plan is less than OECD but the expenditure covered by households is larger than OECD. These facts indicate that it is considered as requiring the coverage of the national health plan to be reinforced more in the future and as such reinforcement needs continuous promotion. In medical examination pattern of Pediatric dentistry, the preventive and corrective treatment were increased whereas the restorative treatment was decreased. It is considered that such change is caused from decrease of dental caries from activation of the prevention project at national level. For the restorative treatment, the restorations in use of dental amalgam, pre-existing gold crowning and endodontic treatment had been decreased in their proportion while the restorative treatment in use of composite resin had been increased. It is considered that such changes is caused by the change of demands from patients and family or guardians as they desired more aesthetic improvement along with socio-economic growth of Korean society. Due to such changes in dentistry, the pediatric dentistry in Korea also attempts to have changes in the patterns of medical examination as follows; It tends to implement early stage treatment through early diagnosis utilizing various diagnostic tools such as FOTI or QLF. The early stage dental caries so called white spot had been included in the subjects for dental care or management and in order to do so, the medical care guidelines essentially accompanied with remineralization treatment as well as minimally invasive treatment is being generalized gradually. Also, centering the Pediatric dentists, the importance of caries risk assessment is being recognized, in addition that the management of dental caries is being changed from surgical approach to internal medicinal approach. Recently, efforts began to emerge in order to increase the target patients to be managed by dentists and to expand the application scope of Pediatric dentistry along with through such changes. The interest and activities of Pediatric dentists which had been limited to the medical examination room so far, is now being expanded externally, as they put efforts for participating in the preventive policy making process of the community or the state, and to support the political theories. And also opinions are being collected into the direction that the future- oriented strategic political tasks shall be selected and researches as well as presentations on the theoretical rationale of such tasks at the association level.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.223-230
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• 2015

Background: 8,000 children in North Korea died before they reached the 1 year after births in 2013. The high mortality rate of children under five years of age is mainly caused by infectious diseases and malnutrition. The need for national pediatric immunization and supply of vaccines will be vital when the abrupt reunification occurs. Objective: The purpose of this study is to scrutinize the pediatric immunization coverage of North Korea. Additionally it is to estimate the amount and the costs needed to vaccinate. Methods: The target population is the children of North Korea. The method is based on a pre-survey and an interview of North Korea defectors. The target interviewees searched for are as follows; doctors, teachers, and others. The interview includes questions on mortality rates and immunization coverage. The analysis is largely based on the statements of the health care providers within the selected group. Results: The interviewees are 8; 7 female and 1 male. The birth years range from 1956 to 1982. 3 out of 8 are former health care providers; a doctor, a pharmacist, and a nurse. The morbidity rate of infectious diseases exceeds the data from WHO. The immunization coverage is nearly 0% after 1980s. In order to ensure the welfare of North Korean children, at least 8,234,000 vaccine doses, requiring over 105 million U.S. dollars, are needed. Conclusion: The morbidity rate of infectious disease in North Korea is conspicuous. The preparation for supply and expenditure of vaccines is vital.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.51-68
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• 2010

본 연구는 가계 내 경제적 자원이 자녀의 건강에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 경제적 자원과 건강 간의 관계는 두 변수 상호 간의 영향으로 인해 분석이 용이하지 않다. 그러나 성인의 건강이 노동공급 등을 통해 경제적 자원에 영향을 미치는 것과는 달리, 자녀의 건강은 경제적 자원에 미치는 영향이 적으므로 가계의 경제적 자원이 자녀의 건강에 미치는 영향은 분석이 상대적으로 용이하다. 인도네시아 자료(Indonesian Family Life Survey)를 이용하여 분석한 결과, 가계의 경제적 자원이 자녀의 건강에 통계적으로 유의한 수준에서 긍정적인 영향을 끼치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 경제적 자원이 자녀의 건강에 영향을 끼치는 경로는 영양상태, 의료서비스의 이용, 가계의 위생상태 등인 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 저소득 가구 자녀의 건강증진을 위해서는 의료서비스의 이용 증대뿐만 아니라 가구의 위생상태 등을 개선하는 정책 또한 중요한 것으로 판단된다.