• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

In this study, twelve of Lepista nuda were collected from various localities in Korea. Also thirteen exotic L. nuda species were collected from Japan, France, Switzerland and Portugal. Spores were isolated under optical microscope. These spores were placed on the surface of YM medium for inducing to germination. Eleven mating-groups were selected by morphological characters of fruit body such as size, color and stipe patterns. Intra-isolate crosses were made between two single-spore isolates derived from mating-groups. Also, dikaryotic crossing using the isolates from L. nuda were carried out to evaluated tetrakaryon formation. Cross-mating compatibility tests also verified its dikaryotic state by microscopic or molecular genetic observation of clamp connection and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) band pattern. To analyze the growth rate of hybrids and parents mycelium in dikaryons obtained from compatible mating groups were placed on PDA medium. Intra-isolate crosses determined eleven mating-groups within L. nuda. The typical clamp connection were mostly observed in mating-groups of Korean L. nuda in $K1{\times}K2$, $K1{\times}K3$, $K1{\times}K4$, $K1{\times}K6$, $K1{\times}K5$, $K2{\times}K4$, $K2{\times}K3$, $K2{\times}K6$, $K3{\times}K4$, $K4{\times}K5$, and $K4{\times}K6$. Korean L. nuda type of dikaryon, shown to cross-incompatibility with L. sordida, it seemed that mating induce more rapidly than wild types in a view of growth rate. In conclusion, it would be useful to improve mass production with better morphological characteristics through a special mating of L. nuda.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.97-104
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• 2006

Though stringent guidelines are in place to protect the harbor environment, pollution from ships, from the ports terminals. Discharge from the ballast tanks of ships, though illegal, does occur. Such vessels, arriving from distant ports of call, can introduce exotic species of plants and animals, causing disruption of the local food web. Discharges rich in nitrogen can generate the rapid growth of plankton, eventually leading to a condition known as red tide that is lethal to some coastal organisms. In addition to the harbor's negative effects on marine organisms, the diesel engines of the ships and the trucks that haul cargo to and from the ports release large volumes of diesel exhaust into the atmosphere. IMO(International Maritime Organization) is strongly proceeding with adoption of a new maritime environment convention and coming into effect for regulation enhancement about the pollutants which are happened in a ship recently. Study about the conventions that our country currently comes into effect, and there is during forwarding and correspondence must be performed effectively. In this paper, International convention on the control of harmful Anti-Fouling system on ship, Ballast water management, Prevention of air pollution from ships, treat a main pending problem in ocean related environmental regulation convention.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.221-237
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• 2006

Domestic laws such as Korea Marine Pollution Prevention Law which has been made and amended according to the conclusions and amendments of various international conventions, especially by MARPOL 73/78, were reviewed and compared with major contents of international conventions, and several alternative measures for legislating new laws or amending existing laws such as Korea Marine Pollution Prevention Law in accordance with new contents and recent amendments of existing and new international conventions were proposed. Annex VI of MARPOL 73/78 has been recently accepted in Korea Marine Pollution Prevention Law which should be applied to ships which are the moving point sources of air pollution at Sea rather than in Korea Air Environment Conservation Law which should be applied to automobiles and industrial installations which are the line and/or point sources of air pollution in land. International Convention for Ship's Ballast Water/Sediment Management should be accepted in Korea Marine Pollution Prevention Law or by a new law in order to prevent domes marine ecosystem and costal environment from the invasion of harmful exotic species through the discharge of ship's ballast water. International Convention for the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on the Ships should be accepted in Korea Marine Pollution Prevention Law which should be applied to ships which are navigating in open sea and coastal waters rather than in Korea Noxious Chemicals Management Law. Basel Convention which shall regulate and prohibit inter-nations movements of noxious chemical substances should be accepted in Korea Marine Pollution Prevention Law in order to prevent the movement and transfer of scrap-purpose tanker ships containing bilge water of oil/water mixtures and chemicals remained on board from advanced countries to developing and/or underdeveloped countries and to conserve global marine environment after all.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.15-30
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• 2001

The twenty-first century was entered and began to show the extent where revegetation of the face of slopes using the native woody plant was nationwide at last. Then, future revegetation of the face of slopes was considered on the basis of them in order to attempt the development of this direction, while the recognition for fundamental matter of the revegetation and revegetation of the regional inhabitant was arranged this time. The regional inhabitant sufficiently understood the necessity of the revegetation, and the method using the native woody plant had sufficiently been recognized, and the high evaluation was given in the method. In the other, the major inhabitant questioned it for introducing the exotic species. It was proposed that the utilization of native weeds should be advanced by the pursuit of many facets of the revegetation of the face of the slopes based on these in future in the place where the introduction of the native woody plant is difficult. And, the method for stretching the wire netting for the face of slopes indicated the necessity of the urgent review, because the artificial disaster might be caused. As a conclusion, the goal of the revegetation of the face of slopes confirmed that it was ecologically stable short-terminable face of slopes physically and connects it with the medium and long term for improvement and improvement of global environment, and it indicated the importance of the revegetation of the face of slopes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.96-105
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to offer raw data on managing naturalized plants and the ecological characteristics of urban streams by researching the naturalized plants distributed in Naedong Stream, Changwon-si. The results are as follows. The numbers of naturalized plants were summarized as 45 taxa: 18 families, 38 genera, 43 species and 2 varieties. There were 3 taxa of invasive alien plants: Rumex acetocella, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior and Sicyos angulaus. In an analysis of life forms, there were 2 taxa of megaphanerophytes, 1 taxa of nanophanerophytes, 3 taxa of chamaiphytes, 7 taxa of hemicryptophytes, 1 taxa of geophytes and 31 taxa of therophytes. The urbanized and naturalized indices were 16.6% and 25.1%, respectively. The results of an analysis by vertical structures showed that naturalized plants included 30 taxa upstream, 42 taxa midstream and 32 taxa downstream. For the urbanized index, upstream was 11.1%, 15.5% in midstream and 11.8% in downstream. For the naturalized index, upstream was 21.7%, 33.3% in midstream and 37.2% in downstream. An analysis of crossing structures showed at taxa of 39 naturalized plants on bank. 30 taxa along the riverside and 7 in the water. For the urbanized index, banks were 14.4%, riverside 11.1% and waterside 2.6% while the naturalized index included 30.5% on the banks, 30.6% along the riverside and 20.0% in the water. As regards the management of naturalized plants, because Remex acetocella, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior and Sicyos angulaus have a negative impact on the ecosystem, they need to be efficiently controlled.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1007-1011
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• 2020

This study was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity and relationships that discriminate between Korean native black goat populations (Dangjin, Jangsu, Tongyoung, and Gyeongsang National University strains) and crossbred goats. Monomorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in each strain were collected, and 133 common SNPs were selected for analysis. These 133 monomorphic SNPs showed differences in the genetic structure of the Korean native black goat and crossbred goats, and results from the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the two can be clearly separated. Furthermore, analysis of the validation population comprising 70 individuals (Korean native black goats, n = 24; crossbred goats, n = 46) with the reference population showed that Korean native black goat strains and the reference population have the same genetic structure, and the crossbred goats shared only part of the genetic structure with the reference population. The result of the PCA analysis showed that the Korean native black goat strains form one population, whereas the foreign strains form another population which is more widely dispersed than the Korean native black goat strains. Thus, the results from this study can be used as baseline data for the conservation of genetic resources of Korean native black goat communities through utilization of monomorphic SNPs and for the introduction of exotic species for further improvement in genetic diversity. This study can also help reduce unnecessary inbreeding and gene flow between native strains.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to look at how pepper was used in traditional medicine. In other words, this study aims to take a look at the process by which the medicinal nature & efficacy of pepper in traditional society was perceived and arranged through the aspects of the use of pepper as an exotic crop for treating diseases. This study investigated cases of using pepper for medical treatments by referring to books on traditional medicine in Korea. The old records about pepper are mainly in empirical medical books from the late Chosun dynasty. Nevertheless, the records about pepper tend to decrease in medical text as time goes by. Such a phenomenon can be attributable to the fact that people began to use pepper for daily food life rather than for medicinal purposes. Pepper was used mostly for digestive trouble such as vomiting, diarrhea, and stomachaches, and it was also applied to mental and aching diseases caused by the sound of body fluids remaining in the stomach. In addition, there were many cases where pepper was used externally for surgical disorders. Such symptoms for treatment are linked to, or in a complementary relationship with, research results in modern times. Boiled pepper was generally taken in the traditional herbal decoction method, and in the case of surgical diseases, it was applied externally. The cases of using old pepper, using pepper with seeds or without seeds, and using pepper mixed with sesame oil belong to a sort of herbal medicine processing, which usually aimed at changing the medicinal nature of pepper. In addition, in relation to the eating habits at that time, pepper was used as seasoning and to make red pepper paste with or without vinegar. There are two words used for pepper in the medical textbooks, 苦椒 (gocho) and 烈棗 (yeoljo). These words are translated into Korean as gochu, so we can identify this word as a nickname for pepper.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.62-69
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• 2013

The origin of natural planting, which is getting the spotlight in modern time facing natural and environmental problems, can be found from wild gardens. They were started by William Robinson and concretely embodied by Gertrude Jekyll. It is worth shedding new light on wild gardens, as they served as a pathbreaker for ecological design and an important foundation for the specialization of naturalism, which are part of the most important topics in modern gardens. This study aimed to infer the conceptual model of wild gardens and identify their historic significance by comparatively analyzing Robinson's Gravetye Manor and Jekyll's Munstead Wood. The results are: Firstly, they inherited inspirations for spatial organization from basic cottage gardens and introduced informal forms. Secondly, in terms of the use of materials, they had observed various climates in their journeys so that they could use both native and naturalized plants based on their understanding of the plants' hardiness and exotic species. They also displayed interests in plants in the woodlands and forests. Thirdly, in terms of design techniques, they investigated the colors and textures of individual plants and their relationships to produce a variety of views that resembled nature in microcosm. Fourthly, in terms of maintenance, their basic orientation was the minimum maintenance to allow plants to live according to their nature.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.174-189
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• 2012

This study aims to examine the traditional living space to reflect the environment-friendly design methods and principles of reestablishment. To do so, this study carried on a related literature study and field survey. The traditional living space in terms of the environmental friendliness is reflected on site selection and space composition, and utilization of natural energy and natural materials. Focused on the Kwangajeong in Yangdong Village, this study is to identify eco-friendly techniques on the traditional living space. As a result, it shows that Kwangajeong with the side of the southeast in site selection had been considered in aspect of environmental control such as sunshine and solar radiation. Also building construction techniques had been used to minimize the variation of terrain. In aspect of environmental conservation, Kwangajeong had structurally arranged the gate, an inner yard and an inner floor to allow good ventilation. In aspect of space composition, Kwangajeong with the emphasis of scenic view had utilized the methods that attract external landscape through the control of its fences. Environment-friendly techniques and control principles in traditional space had been developed by a long experience through the long periods and the traditional techniques suitable for local climate and local environment have been developed. The technical development of these techniques to resolve the global environmental and energy issues and create a more pleasant living environment of human beings might be critical.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.125-136
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• 2016

The Korea Forest Service(KFS) has been initiating restoration activities of ridgeline in damaged and fragmented areas of Baekdudaegan since 2011. Completed project in Ihwaryeong, Yuksimnyeong & Beoljae(2012; 2013) were selected as sites for this study. The changes in microclimate condition, vegetation composition and soil properties between project sites and adjacent stands were compared to evaluate the effect of restoration at early stage(after 2years). Pinus densiflora was planted mainly for these restoration sites, however Robinia pseudoacacia and Alnus sibirica invaded the area two years after the restoration activities. Ihwaryeong showed the most changes in understory vegetation among the study sites. Exotic species, such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Oenothera odorata, Erigeron annuus, and Coreopsis tinctoria invaded Ihwaryeong, and the dominance have invaded currently. It resulted from the poor survival rate of trees and high difference in microclimate wherein there's an increased temperature and decreased humidity in both restored sites and adjacent stands. In addition, it is also caused by poor soil chemical property, especially pH and organic matter content due to lack of humus layer and its accumulation, compared to adjacent forest soil in restored sites. Significant difference on chemical soil property was observed between restored sites and adjacent forest but no significant difference was observed after two years of restoration. Ecological monitoring is needed to understand the ecological changes after restoration and to establish a long-term management strategy.