• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.50 no.3
• /
• pp.286-294
• /
• 2017

Development of transportation is rapidly reducing the barriers between countries, but this is causing the easier migration of species than the past. Typically, exotic species are imported for the purpose of food, leather, and pets. However, it has been introduced into the wild through artificially or naturally paths, and recently they are become a main cause of ecosystem disturbance. In this study, we investigated exotic turtle species introduced into the wild and analyzed their distribution characteristics. As a result of filed surveys, totally 4 genus 8 species 62 individuals of exotic turtles were found from 126 reservoirs in Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. In particular, Trachemys scripta elegans showed relatively high frequency than other turtle species and the natural reproduction of T. s. elegans was confirmed in some areas. On the other hand, the frequency of discovery of exotic turtles except T. s. elegans was relatively low, and the range of the areas was limited. Especially, exotic turtles except T. s. elegans were mainly found in public places such as reservoirs in the park. As a result of analyzing the distribution characteristics of exotic turtles using geographic information system, the turtles' distribution showed a high correlation with the artificial factor such as "urban". In this study, we identified the distribution characteristics of exotic turtles in the Korean wild, and these results will be important data for understanding status the and establishing effective management methods for exotic species.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.19-22
• /
• 2010

Migratory birds, by crossing significant ecological barriers, carry and may subsequently introduce exotic seeds into new ecological zones during period of migration. The study of epizoochory, which includes seed dispersal by adhesion to bird feathers, has been relatively neglected compared to the study of seed dispersal by frugivores. To determine whether exotic seeds are being imported to stopover islands by migrating birds, and to estimate the quantity of seeds of exotic species being introduced, we examined migratory birds that were captured in mist nets for attached exotic plant diaspores in 2008 and 2009 on Hongdo Island, Korea. From a total of 3,947 birds examined, we found exotic seeds of Japanese Chaff Flowers (Achyranthes japonica) attached to three species of migratory birds (0.08%; Eurasian Bittern Botaurus stellaris, Swinhoe's Rail Coturnicops exquisitus and Oriental Turtle Dove Streptopelia orientalis). Despite the low occurrence of A. japonica seeds on the external parts of birds, the results suggest that migratory birds may be potential dispersing agents for A. japonica, a species that is currently threatening native ecosystems on many islands in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.43-52
• /
• 1999

This study was carried out to verify results of the nursery seedbeds. From November of 1997 to September of 1998, the artificial banking slopes in the greenhouse of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University were seeded with the mixtures of those species. Most of exotic species showed relatively poor development of root as short as 30cm. Also the green weight of root biomass of the native species was more than two times than that of the exotic species. On the other hand, it was found that the exotic species have relatively well-developed fine roots. Thus, it was concluded that the seed-mixture of the native species with long and thick roots and the exotic species with fine roots be the most effective method for topsoil erosion control on banking-slopes. The artificial rainfall system treatment(30mm/hr, 60mm/hr, 100mm/hr) on $30^{\circ}$ banking-slopes did not cause any significant change in the amount of soil loss by erosion. The root system was best developed in the plot of 1,000 seedlings per square meter and it performed well for soil erosion control. Consequently, in the case of seeding of single herbaceous species without mixing any woody seeds, the expected seedlings were 1,000 to 2,000 per square meter.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.46 no.1
• /
• pp.41-53
• /
• 2022

Background: Due to the rapidly changing climatic conditions, South Korea faces the grand challenge of exotic species. With the increasing human movement, the influx of alien species to novel regions is prevalent across the globe. The latest research suggests that it is easy to prevent the introduction and establishment of alien species rather than controlling their spread and eradication. Like other countries, the Korean Ministry of Environment released a list (in 2018) of 45 potential risky exotic fish species considered likely to be invasive candidate fish species if they ever succeed in entering the Korean aquatic ecosystems. Results: The investigation into the invasion suitability traits showed that potential risky fish species could utilize those features in becoming invasive once they arrive in the Korean aquatic ecosystems. If the novel species establish viable populations, they are likely to incur higher economic costs, damage the native aquatic fauna and flora, and jeopardize the already perilled species. Furthermore, they can damage the installed infrastructure, decline overall abundance and biodiversity, and disturb the ecosystem services. Here we reviewed the list of fish species concerning their family, native origin, preferred aquatic biomes, main food items, current status in Korea, and potential threats to humans and the ecosystems. Data shows that most species are either already designated as invasive in the neighboring counties, including Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, and China, or originate from these countries. Such species have a higher climate match with the Korean territories. Conclusions: Therefore, it is exceptionally essential to study their most critical features and take regulatory measures to restrict their entry. The incoming fish species must be screened before letting them in the country in the future. The regulatory authorities must highlight the threatening traits of such species and strictly monitor their entrance. Detailed research is required to explore the other species, especially targeting the neighboring countries fish biodiversity, having demonstrated invasive features and matching the Korean climate.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.76-86
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this study is to fiure out the floral changes during three years after construction of the Youido Ecology Park. Yearly change of plant species composition, distributed at the research field, had been investigated for three years since 1996. To compare and investigate the changes of the establishment of the Ecology Park, we have analyzed the distribution characteristics of plant species, exotic naturalized species, and so on. The results obtained through this investigation are as follows; 1) Total numbers of plant species were 106, 170, 175, and 148, in the year of 1996, 1998 1999, and 2000, respectively. While the most of cultivated species before th establishment were decreased, the naturalized species such Phargmites communis Trin, and Artemisia selengensis Turcz. etc, were increased. 2) Forty three species of exotic naturalized species were investigated and were increased at the early stage of the establishment, but showed decreasing trend recently. 3) Sixty five species of introduced and planted species were investigated. Most of them were occurred at the first year after the establishment, but since 1999, there has been a significant decrease. 4) Sixty seven species among total 235 were verified as the wetland-adapted plants. The ratio to the total numbers were low, but the occupied area of a few species was expanded. Therefore, it indicates that monitoring on the physical environments of the Youido Ecology Park was urgently required.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.236-242
• /
• 2015

We surveyed the distribution of exotic weeds in the 141 crop fields of Jeju island. The exotic weeds were summarized as 66 taxa including 18 families, 50 genera, 64 species and 2 varieties. In winter crop fields there were 45 species of exotic seeds in 18 families, in summer crop fields 50 species in 16 families, and in perennial crop fields 39 species in 17 families. Total exotic weeds were classified to 39.4% of summer annuals, 36.4% of winter annuals, 7.6% of summer and winter annuals, and 16.7% of perennials. The ratio of summer annuals were high in the summer crop fields. Compositae was dominant family, followed by Gramineae, Malvaceae and Solanaceae. Malvaceae did not appear in perennial crop fields. Dominant exotic weeds in winter crop fields were Chenopodium album, Amaranthus viridis, Senecio vulgaris and Coronopus didymus, in summer crop fields, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus viridis, Senecio vulgaris and Sonchus oleraceus and in perennial crop fields, Conyza sumatrensis, Gnaphalium calviceps and Senecio vulgaris. The dominant exotic weeds in the crop fields of Jeju island were Chenopodium album, followed by Amaranthus viridis, Senecio vulgaris, and Conyza sumatrensis. This information could be useful for establishment of exotic weed control methods in Jeju island.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.162-181
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze the current status of both exotic and naturalized plants in the designated Cultural Preservation Area located in Seongju-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do in order to identify traditional cultural places and to provide basic information to prepare a conservation strategy. The vascular plant species was identified as having 114 taxa: 50 families, 93 genera, 94 species, 16 varieties and 4 forms in King Sejong's Prince Taesil. Among them are 15 taxa of the exotic plant species and 16 taxa of naturalized plant species, which resulted in 14.04% of the Naturalization Rate and 5.90% of the Urbanization Index. The vascular plant species was identified as 68 taxa: 40 families, 64 genus, 57 species, 8 varieties and 4 forms in the Seongju Hyanggyo. Among them, the exotic plants recorded 17 taxa with 30 taxa of naturalized plants. The Naturalization Rate was 44.12% and Urbanization Index was 11.07%. The Seongbaksup, which was a grove outside of the Seongju Fortress recorded 61 taxa: 34 families, 58 genera, 55 species, 5 varieties and 1 form. Among them, the exotic plant species consisted of 10 taxa with 17 taxa of naturalized plants, with a 27.87% Naturalization Rate and a 6.27% Urbanization Index. The vascular plant species was recorded as 230 taxa: 92 families, 183 genus, 182 species, 1 subspecies, 32 varieties and 14 forms in Hangae Village. Among them, exotic plants consist of 28 taxa with 85 naturalized plant species, with a Naturalization Rate of 37.12% and Urbanization Index of 31.37%. The vascular plant species in the Seongsan Ancient Tomb is recorded as having 131 taxa: 55 families, 107 genus, 106 species 19 varieties and 6 forms. Among them, exotic plants consist of 18 classifications, and naturalized plants consist of 22 classifications with a Naturalization Rate of 16.79% and an Urbanization Index of 8.12%. The Seongju Hangyo recorded the highest Naturalization Rate among all surveyed sites in Hangae Village. All five of these surveyed sites will require a management plan to eradicate both exotic and naturalized plant species. Hangae Village especially needs to prepare a management plan. The invasion of ragweed in Seongju Hanggyo and Hangae Village, which is one of the most invasive plant species to disturb the ecosystem, is in need of management to eradicate it.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.331-342
• /
• 2014

Given the lack of a resistant genetic pool in host plants, the introduction of exotic invasive pathogens can result in epidemics that affect a specific ecosystem and economy. Plant quarantine, which is designed to protect endemic plant resources, is a highly invaluable safeguard that should keep biosecurity with increasing international trade and global transportation. A total of 34 species of plant pathogens including Phytophthora infestans were documented as introduced from other countries into Korea from 1900 to 2010. The genus Phytophthora, classified in oomycetes, includes more than 120 species that are mostly recognized worldwide as highly invasive plant pathogens. After 2000, over 50 new species of Phytophthora were identified internationally as plant pathogens occurring in crops and forest trees. In Korea, Phytophthora is also one of the most serious plant pathogens. To date, 22 species (about one-fifth of known species) of the genus have been identified and reported as plant pathogens in the country. The likelihood of new exotic Phytophthora species being introduced into Korea continues to increase, thus necessitating intensive plant quarantine inspections. As new potential threats to plant health in Korea, six Phytophthora species, namely, P. alni, P. inundata, P. kernoviae, P. pinifolia, P. quercina, and P. ramorum, are discussed in this review with focus on history, disease, biology, management, and plant quarantine issues.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.273-280
• /
• 2001

We investigated the flora and vegetation structure of exotic plants along stream geomorphology and disturbance factors in the riparian zone of Seunggi stream, Incheon. Total 53 exotic plant species were found in the riparian corridors of Seunggi stream. The percentage of exotics ranged from 25% to 33% of total species richness, and its mean value was 24% in the whole riparian area. The percentage of exotics reflected the vulnerability of riparian zones to plant invasions by disturbances, and it could be used as an indicator of riparian system dysfunction. The distinct distribution patterns of exotic plants did not found in the lateral topographic features of the stream. Invasion and proliferation of the exotic plants were somewhat remarkable at terraces and bank slopes of the stream. Among various disturbance factors, plowing and trampling were important on the invasion of exotic plant species of Seunggi stream.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.68-80
• /
• 2021

This study aimed to present the current status of exotic fish species, invasive species, and dominant species inhabiting the Cheonggyecheon stream. We conducted three samplings from April to October 2019. A total of 2,045 individuals from 27 species belonging to nine fish families were collected. There were five Korean endemic species (18.5%) including Coreoleuciscus splendidus, Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis morii, Squalidus gracilis majimae, Zacco koreanus, and Odontobutis interrupta in the Cheonggyecheon stream. The dominant species was Zacco platypus (62.4%) and the subdominant species was Z. koreanus (9.8%). The length-weight analysis of the dominant species Z. platypus population showed a regression coefficient b of 3.3434 and a condition factor(k) of 0.0026, with a positive slope. The growth state of the Z. platypus population was identified as being in a very favorable condition. The Cheonggyecheon stream is considered to be an appropriate habitat for the Z. platypus population. Since the restoration, The Cheonggyecheon stream has had continuous problems due to the introduction of exotic species and invasive species and in this study, exotic species, Gyrinocheilus aymonier var.(gold type), and invasive species, Coreoleuciscus splendidus, which have not previously been reported in the Cheonggyecheon stream, appeared. Therefore, it is deemed necessary to prepare continuous publicity and management measures to prevent exotic species and invasive species from inhabiting the Cheonggyecheon stream.