• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.529-536
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• 2020

This study aims to provide the basic data for coffee intake and health promotion by examining the conditions in which Korean adults consume the most coffee. The study used raw data from the second year of the 7th National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2017), and 3,325 subjects who were 19 years of age or older and who were not missing the required values. This number used as the average amount of coffee drank per day in the past year is at least one cup. In order to identify factors that affect coffee intake, the model included general characteristics such as gender, age, household income, education level, occupation, health behaviors such as smoking, drinking, high intensity and moderate intensity exercises, walking, physical activity during work and leisure, sleep time, stress and depression. The results showed that coffee intake was lower among women than men, coffee intake was higher for people 40-64 years than people 20-39 years old, physical occupations rather than non-physical occupations, smokers rather than non-smokers, and for high stress rather than low stress in life. Subjects with these factors are considered to be at risk of excessive caffeine intake from coffee. The risk group of this study should be studied for the effect of excessive consumption of coffee on personal health.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.92-101
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• 2011

Purpose: To evaluate the effects on vision care program including traditional Korean treatment for elementary school students. Methods: 172 eyes of eighty-six older elementary students underwent a vision care program, including traditional Korean treatment, for 3 months between March 2010 and June 2010. The vision care program included health education, such as lifestyle modification, vision strengthening exercises and a course of treatment with traditional Korean methods. Traditional Korean treatment covered periocular acupuncture point stimulation, periauricular acupuncture point stimulation and herbal drug therapy. All patients were examined for visual acuity and auto-refraction and filled out a satisfactory questionnaire about ocular discomforts and quality of life before and after treatments. Results: Patients with mild myopia (-0.75~-2.00) were 61 (35.5%), and 46 (26.7%) were emetropia (${\pm}0.50$ or less). After treatment, uncorrected visual acuity in both eyes was $0.77{\pm}0.46$, which was lower than that before treatment ($0.82{\pm}0.51$), but corrected visual acuity was $0.98{\pm}0.21$, which was higher than that before treatment ($0.93{\pm}0.28 $). About the refractive change, the emetropia group showed a slightly myopic shift while the mild myopia group intended to reduce the myopic error. However, this was not statistically significant. The scales of eyeball pain or discomfort decreased significantly from $17.59{\pm}22.5$ before treatment to $10.28{\pm}17.80$ after treatment, and the scales of the quality of life increased from $1.85{\pm}1.25$ before treatment to $2.25{\pm}1.30$ after treatment. Most patients (90.7%) were satisfied with their treatment results. Conclusions: The vision care program including traditional Korean treatment for elementary school students was effective to improve corrected visual acuity in both eyes and delay the progression of school myopia. In addition, it helped to reduce eyeball pain and discomfort and ultimately to enhance quality of life. Long-term follow-up studies will be needed.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.329-336
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• 2015

In this study, Pilates mat exercise program three times a week for 8 weeks, 10 minutes for a warm up, 40 minutes of main exercise, and 10-minute cool down exercise using gadgetry to the middle aged women. Pilates exercise program when exercise intensity based on the instructions of the ACSM (2010) as 1-4 weeks 50-60% HRR, 5-8 weeks 61-70% HRR to give 50-70%, maintaining the strength of 4 weeks. Pilates exercise program by gadgetry has increased the strength of wireless heart rate meter (Polar Analyzer, Polar Electro of Finland) Karvonen (1979), proceed individual target heart exercise obtained as a way now to check your strength workout through individual conciousness. We estimated immunoglobulin change for Pilates mat exercise by gadgetry during 8-week. It showed the following conclusions. First, immunoglobulin IgA has been increased and Interaction effects has been showed thruough Pilates mat exercise programs for 8 weeks. Second, immunoglobulin IgG has been increased and showed Interaction effects has been showed thruough Pilates mat exercise programs for 8 weeks. Third, immunoglobulin IgM has been increased and showed Interaction has been showed effects thruough Pilates mat exercise programs for 8 weeks. Therefore, this study was conducted on a Pilates mat exercise using props immune function are positive hormonal changes, can prevent private for the disease and effective exercises that are the fodder.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.66
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• pp.1-23
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• 2015

A party who relies on a breach of contract must take such measures as are reasonable in the circumstances to mitigate the loss, including loss of profit, resulting from the breach. Appropriate measures are those aimed at lessing the loss as far as reasonably possible. Such measures will typically be a resale of the goods by the seller or a cover purchase by the buyer. The measures the injured party is expected to take in order to mitigate the loss must be reasonable in the circumstances. Article 77 will be applied to the difference between the amount by which the loss should have been mitigated under Article 77. A reduction of damages is the only remedy available to the party in breach in cases covered by Article 77. If the buyer has received the goods and intends to exercise any right under the contract or this Convention to reject them, he must take such steps to preserve them as are reasonable in the circumstances. If goods dispatched to the buyer have been placed at his disposal at their destination and he exercises the right to reject them, he must take possession of them on behalf of the seller. Article 86(1) requires that the buyer manifest his intention at the moment of receipt of the goods. Article 86(2) envisages that the goods have been dispatched to the buyer and that they have been placed at his disposal at their destination. Article 87 allows him to deposit them in the warehouse of a third person. It is not necessary that the warehouse by public, or that it be a general warehouse for storage. A party who is bound to preserve the goods in accordance with articles 86 may sell them by any appropriate means taking possession of the goods or in taking them back or in paying the price or the cost of preservation. If the goods are subject to rapid deterioration or their preservation world involve unreasonable expense, a party who is bound to preserve the goods must take reasonable measures to sell them. A difference exists between paragraph Article 88 (1) which grants the right to sell, and paragraph (2 )which imposes the duty to take reasonable measures to sell the goods. According to Article 88(2), the party who wishes to sell must give notice to the other party of such intention, to the extent possible.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.4 s.84
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• pp.503-509
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Gi exercises and soybean milk supplement on the body composition and the physiological parameters including blood level of lipids and related hormones in middle-aged women. The Gi exercise program was composed of warming-up(10 min), main exercise(40 min) and cooling-down(10 min). The 40 middle-aged women between 40 and 60 years old were divided into four groups; the control group(12 women), the Gi exercise group(14 women), the soybean milk supplement group(11 women), and the Gi exercise group with soybean milk supplement(14 women). The Gi exercise program was applied three times a week and two packs of the soybean milk per day were given. The result of this study was as follows 1. The control group showed the increase of body weight, percent body fat, and fat mass than other groups. 2. The blood level of T-C was increased in the control group and the Gi exercise group and exercise with supplemented group were decreased 3. The blood level of HDL-C was significantly decreased in the control group than other groups. 4. The blood level of LDL-C was significantly increased in the control group than other groups. 5. The level of TG were not significantly changed in all groups 6. The follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) hormone levels were not significantly changed in all study groups

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1085-1091
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of indoor and outdoor exercise environments on bone mineral density and body composition in old women. A total of 26 old women were randomly divided into two groups: an indoor exercise group (IE, n=13) and an outdoor exercise group (OE, n=13). The exercise groups performed moderate exercise (HR max 50~70%; RPE 11-15) three times a week for 60 minutes over 20 weeks. After exercise training, bone mineral density was significantly improved in the OE group as compared with the IE group. Body fat mass was significantly decreased in the IE group. Weight, lean body mass, and body fat mass were significantly decreased in the OE group. Body mass index was significantly decreased in the outdoor exercise group as compared to the IE group. Our findings show that a 20-week program of outdoor exercise training improves bone mineral density and body composition in old women. As mentioned above, it has been found that engaging in an outdoor exercise program for 20 weeks has a positive effect on bone mineral density and body composition in old women. In conclusion, engaging in the outdoor exercise program, including aerobic and resistance exercises, for 20 weeks improved bone mineral density and inhibited bone loss in old women and had a positive influence on vitamin D levels, thereby potentially lowering the risk of osteoporosis.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.127-145
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• 2007

There have been several international lesson studies such as TIMSS Video Study and Learner's Perspective Study. According to the TIMSS Video Study report, within differences found in the lessons in each country is much less than the between differences found in the lessons across countries. This means that each country has its own way of teaching, so called 'national script'. On the contrary, LPS researchers are skeptical about the existence of 'national script' since significant differences are identified within the lessons conducted by the same teacher. The purpose of this study is to analyze the LPS Korean data in terms of class organization and teacher's approach and activities. The categories of class organization are classwork, small group seatwork, and individual seatwork, and the those of teacher's approach and activities are exploratory, directive, summarization, exercises and practice, and assigning homework. Ten lessons were videotaped from two Korean schools respectively, thus altogether twenty lessons were recorded and analyzed. Each lesson shows unique class approach and teacher's approach and activities, however the average of each category in class organization and teacher's approach and activities for the two schools are very similar. This result supports the TIMSS Video Study in the regard that there is a commonality among the lessons within the country, but also confirms the LPS result that it is difficult to assume 'national script'. This study is a preliminary investigation into the LPS Korean data, and the further in-depth interpretation of LPS lessons will be followed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.1747-1754
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• 2013

We evaluate the impact of near work has on myopia and how they differ across generation. The study subjects were 201(83 males and 118 females) adults who live in Cheongju and Daejeon. Myopia was defined as more than or equal to (-)2.50D. The subjects were divided myopic and control group. The surveys and eye tests that are related to near work and refractive error were conducted and the relationship between the degree of myopia and near work was investigated. Then, the groups were divided into people in their 20s and 30s and the comparisons were made again. The survey results showed significant differences between myopic and control groups that depended on: hours spent in school and outdoor activities during high school period, degree of refractive error caused by level of exercises during the junior high school and high school years, refractive error based on the type of high schools, also hours spent in school and outdoor activities. When the same question was done on the group in their 20s and 30s, there was a different outcome in trends between the groups and refractive error depending on whether they exercised. The degree of near work is one of the environmental risk factors that affect myopia and must be considered when studying myopic progression. However, when discussing specific behavioral patterns in relations to myopia prevention, culture and visual environment of a given generation must also be considered.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.221-249
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• 2006

The object of this study is to understand the characteristics of mathematical knowledge that elementary 5th graders have regarding the statistical variation concept and the changes after taking lessons. This study includes a pretest to examine the characteristics of mathematical knowledge that elementary 5th graders have regarding the statistical variation concept. And It was followed by a lesson on statistical variation concept to be able to correct error which was revealed by the inspection, and to improve good points. It turned out that after five lessons on the statistical variation concept, the insufficient aspects were properly improved, and as for the points they already understand, they came to understand better than before. They came to consider the statical variation concept instead of the frequency, preponderance, average, stable traits for the optimum value. Also, through the lesson on drawing tables and graphs, they came to better understand them, analyzing correctly the exercises in which tables and graphs were combined. When comparing data sets whose general distributions and extents were similar, students came up with the right answers in a stable way by considering averages combining statistical variation too. Since they tended to interpret a situation with their own subjective views adding conditions, teachers need to examine the proper situation and conditions prior to the lessons on the statistical variation concept.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.39-41
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• 2011

The recycling rate of recovered paper in Korea is the highest in the world, 92%, but remanufacturing yield is low due to the extremely poor quality of the paper. The poor quality, in turn, influences to the reject amount in deinking process. To increase the yield of old newspaper recycling process, hydrophobic degree of inorganic pigments of deinking stock must be reduced. To determine the hydrophobicity, Pitch Potential Deposit Tester (PDT) was newly designed and applied with respect to the SB latex property of various quality used in Korea; its hydrophobic degree according to Tg, gel content, charge and particle size of latex and optimum designing condition of SB latex. And below are the conclusions: 1. The reason of excessive reject from old newspaper deinking process for total amount of printed ink is loss of inorganic pigments. When lipase, a biochemical catalyst, was applied with the purpose of preventing inorganic pigments loss about more than 70% of total reject weight and promoting hydration of pulp for deinking, deinking process yield of pre flotation secondary stage increased remarkably without any changes of deinking efficiency. 2. Lipase improved deinking stock by cutting ester linkage on surface of hydrophobic materials to promote its hydration. From this, it reached the conclusion that hydration degree of stock exercises significant effect on flotation deinking process yield. 3. Inorganic alkali promotes hydration of deinking stock. But there have been needs for more fundamental measures other than inorganic alkali of promoting hydration for yield improvement. For this, this study intended to find out reasons of chemical properties change on surface of hydrophobic material by change of pH. 4. Pitch Deposit Test (PDT) was performed for understanding principle of why surface of coating flake from OMG is hydrophobic and why it becomes hydrophilic when pH of stock is alkaline. As a result of this test, it is determined that swelling property by change of pH of latex film, which were used as coating adhesive is the reason for hydrophobic change. 5. Hydrophilicity of coating flake increased with hydrophilic pigments. And as more of SB Latex adhesive was used and higher of calcium hardness of stock became, its hydrophilicity decreased. SB Latex adhesive film is reformed by mechanical friction. For having hydrophilicity under neutral pH, strong bruising action such as kneading is required. 6. Because swelling of adhesive film decreases as Tg of SB latex gets lower and mean diameter gets smaller, it shows hydrophobicity under neutral pH. This lowers hydrophilicity of coating flake, which leads to easy elimination with flotation reject on DIP process. Therefore, for improving future flotation yield, it is necessary to develop to use eco-friendly clean SB latex by raising Tg and increasing mean diameter for recycling, and as a result, to reduce excessive loss of coating flake as a reject from deinking process.