• 순환기질환의공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.3-18
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• 2002

Hemorheology plays an important role in atherosclerosis. Hemorheologic properties of blood include whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, hemaocrit, RBC deformability and aggregation, and fibrinogen concentration in plasma. Blood flow is determine by three parameters (pressure, lumen diameter, and whole blood viscosity), whole blood viscosity is one of the key physiological variables. However, the significance of whole blood viscosity has not yet not been fully appreciated. Whole blood viscosity has a unique property, non-Newtonian shear-thinning characteristics, which is primarily due to the presence of RBCs. Hence, RBC deformability and aggregation directly affect the magnitude of blood viscosity, and any factors or diseases affecting RBC characteristics influence blood viscosity. Therefore, on can see that whole blood viscosity is the causal mechanism by which traditional risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, exercise, obesity, age, and gender are related to atherogenesis. In this regard, we included whole blood viscosity in the three key determinants of injurious pulsatile flow that results in mechanical injury and protective adaptation in the arterial system. Because whole blood viscosity is a potential predictor of cardiovascular diseases, it should be measured in routine cardiovascular profiles. Incorporating whole blood viscosity measurements into a standard clinical protocol could improve our ability to identify patients at risk for cardiovascular disease and its complications.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 2016

This study aims to analyze the satisfaction targeted community space for public rental housing tenants a real community space. and community space is analyzed only through the factor analysis of the effects of satisfaction, multiple regression analysis etc. As a result, the space community and public rental housing will only affect the satisfaction, factors affecting such analysis was 'common space', 'exercise place', 'resting place'. Thus, a variety of political and institutional efforts and practical research for interactive spatial planning public rental housing estates satisfaction for the improvement and community activation moving away from passive concept of the one-way ever to supply that community space in the past, provider centers and considering the tenant characteristics is required.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.12 no.sup1
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• pp.62-71
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• 2009

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of pediatric liver disease. Similar to NAFLD in adults, NAFLD in children is associated with obesity and insulin resistance and requires liver histology for diagnosis and staging. However, significant histological differences exist between adult and pediatric NAFLD. The rise in childhood obesity has been accompanied by an increase in pediatric NAFLD. Age, gender and race/ethnicity are significant determinants of risk, and sex hormones, insulin sensitivity and adipocytokines are implicated in the pathogenesis of pediatric NAFLD. There is no consensus for treatment of NAFLD, however, data suggest that diet, exercise and some pharmacological therapies may be of benefit. To evaluate and effectively treat pediatric NAFLD, the pathophysiology and natural history of the disease should be clarified and non-invasive methods for screening, diagnosis, and longitudinal assessment developed.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.21-39
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• 2009

This study examines the international differences in tax compliance and relates these differences to selected determinants of tax morale and Hofstede's Cultural dimensions. The findings of the empirical investigation of data from 38 countries during 5 years(2000-2004) indicate that tax compliance is highest in countries characterized by high economic freedom, high effective competition laws, high government transparency, low shadow Economy, and low power distance. It shows that a powerful deterrent to tax evasion is the creation of a tax morale. Where individuals can exercise their economic rights in terms of economic freedom, important equity market and effective competition laws, in a safe environment that improves their quality of life, they are more prone to view tax compliance as less of a burden and more of a citizenship duty. Our results indicate that policymakers should consider cultural values when designing tax compliance legislation and investigating possible behavior irregularities.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

Objectives: The 2003 WHO/FAO technical report described that Korea has largely maintained its traditional high-vegetable diet despite major social and economic changes, and had lower than expected levels of obesity prevalence than other industrialized countries. However, the prevalence of obesity in Korea has recently been rapidly increasing. The aim of this study was to elucidate the determinants of this rapid growth of obesity prevalence in Korea and to compare the results of national nutrition surveys between Korea and Japan. Methods: The trends of the National Health and Nutrition Survey in Korea instituted every 3 years and that in Japan conducted every year were compared. The results of obesity prevalence defined as more than 25 of the Body Mass Index, the percentage of habitual exercisers and the results of the nutritional surveys were examined from 1992 to 2005 in Korea and from 1992 to 2004 in Japan. Results: The prevalence of obesity in males has been gradually increasing in both Korea and Japan since 1992. Though until 1995 the prevalence of obesity in the Korean male population was less than that in Japan, after 1998 Korea surpassed Japan and a markedly increasing trend was observed. In females, the increasing trend of obesity was slower than males in both Korea and Japan. However, the prevalence of obesity was much higher in Korea compared with that in Japan. The percentage of exercisers was much lower in Korea than in Japan. Although, the definition of an exerciser varies with the survey year in Korea and is different from that in Japan, almost 70% of the population was not regularly engaging in moderate or hard intensity exercise in Korea. From 1995, the total energy intake was increased by 9.8% in Korea but it was decreased by 6.9% in Japan. Presently, the energy intake per capita per day in Korea exceeded that in Japan. Remarkable increases in the intake of meat and poultry, vegetable oils and fats, and milk and dairy products were observed in Korea from 1995 to 2005. On the other hand, these values decreased during the same period in Japan. Conclusion: The prevalence of obesity in Korea is increasing and has surpassed that of Japan. The current trends could be attributed to the low prevalence of habitual exercisers, and an increase in energy intake and the proportion of energy intake from fat.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.165-174
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• 1995

Background: Exercise is one of the most common precipitants of acute asthma encountered in clinical practice. The development of airflow limitation that occurs several minutes after vigorous exercise, i. g. exercise-induced bronchoconstriction(EIB), has been shown to be closely correlated with the nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness, which is the hallmark of bronchial asthma. All previous reports that assessed the correlation of EIB to nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness have focused on airway sensitivity($PC_{20}$) to inhaled bronchoconstrictor such as methacholine or histamine. However, maximal airway narrowing(MAN), reflecting the extent to which the airways can narrow, when being exposed to high dose of inhaled stimuli, has not been studied in relation to the degree of EIB. Methods: Fifty-six children with mild asthma(41 boys and 15 girls), aged 6 to 15 years(mean${\pm}$SD, $9.9{\pm}2.5$ years) completed this study. Subjects attended the laboratory on two consecutive days. Each subject performed the high-dose methacholine inhalation test at 4 p.m. on the first day. The dose-response curves were characterized by their position($PC_{20}$) and MAN, which was defined as maximal response plateau(MRP: when two or three data points of the highest concentrations fell within a 5% response range) or the last of the data points(when a plateau could not be measured). On the next day, exercise challenge, free running outdoors for ten minutes, was performed at 9 a.m.. $FEV_1$ was measured at graduated intervals, 3 to 10 minutes apart, until 60 minutes after exercise. Response(the maximal ${\triangle}FEV_1$ from the pre-exercise value) was classified arbitrarily into three groups; no response((-) EIB: ${\triangle}FEV_1$<10%), equivocal response ($({\pm})$EIB:10%<${\triangle}FEV_1$<20%) and definite response($({\pm})$EIB:${\triangle}FEV_1$>20%). Results: 1) When geometric mean $PC_{20}$ of the three groups were compared, $PC_{20}$ of (+) EIB group was significantly lower than that of (-)EIB group. 2) There was a close correlation between $PC_{20}$ and the severity of EIB in the whole group(r=-0.568, p<0.01). 3) Of the total 56 subjects, MRP could be measured in 36 subjects, and the MRP of these subjects correlated fairly with the severity of EIB(r=0.355, p<0.05) 4) The MAN of (+) EIB group was significantly higher than that of (-)EIB group(p<0.01). 5) The MAN correlated well with the severity of EIB in the whole group(r=0.546, p<0.01). Conclusion: The degree of MAN as well as bronchial sensitivity($PC_{20}$) to methacholine is correlated well with the severity of EIB. The results suggest that the two main components of airway hyperresponsiveness may be equally important determinants of exercise reactivity, although the mechanism may be different from each other. The present study also provides further evidence that EIB is a manifestation of the increased airway reactivity characteristic of bronchial asthma.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.96-109
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify the major factors affecting performance in health promoting behavior. The subjects for this study were 414 workers employed in one transportation manufacturing plant in Pusan and were obtained by a convenience sample. Data were collected from November 11th to December 21th, 1996 by structured questionnaires. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS PC. The results of this study are as follows. 1. The average score of performance in the health promoting behavior was 2.42 ; the range of the score was from 1.44 to 3.71. The variable with the highest degree of performance was self-actualization, whereas the one with the lowest degree was exercise. 2. In the relationships between demographic variables and performance in the health promoting behavior, only the shift system showed statistically significant differences in the total of health promoting behavior ; especially the group of no shift operation was higher in the performance of subscale such as exercise, nutrition, interpersonal support than that of the shift operation. Some demographic variables showed significant differences in the subscale of the health promoting behavior ; age, worker's career and marital status. 3. Performance in the health promoting behavior was significantly correlated with perceived health status, health conception, self-efficacy, perceived benefits and perceived barriers. 4. The most important factor that affects performance in the health promoting behavior was self-efficacy. The combination of self-efficacy, perceived benefits, perceived health status, perceived barriers, shift system and department of work accounted for 31.05% of the variance in health promoting behavior.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.107-118
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• 2018

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the estimated proportion for influenza vaccination and to identify factors associated with influenza vaccination in Korean diabetic patients. Methods: Data from the fourth, fifth, and sixth (except for 2013) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n=3,726) was used. A chi-square test was performed to investigate the estimated proportion for influenza vaccination, and a multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with self-reported influenza vaccination. Results: In men, 28.8% of diabetes patients 30-64 years of age, and 76.1% of elderly (over 65 years of age) diabetes patients received influenza vaccination. In women, 37.7% of diabetes patients 30-64 years of age, and 78.4% of elderly diabetes patients received influenza vaccination (p<0.0001). The determinants of influenza vaccination were marriage, hypertension (odds ratio [OR], 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-2.24), residence within a mega city, unemployment (OR, 3.94; 95% CI, 1.24-12.54), and exercise via (weekly) walking for diabetic men; and hypertension (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.16-2.52), chronic disease (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.08-3.02), and exercise via walking (OR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.49-4.73) for diabetic women. Conclusion: Influenza vaccination remains relatively low in young diabetic patients. It is necessary to recommend vaccination to young diabetic patients, and to devise other strategies to improve vaccination.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.347-358
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to explain the relationship between health promoting behavior and self-esteem, and the relationship between health promoting behavior and self-efficacy. The instrument of this study was a structured questionnaire included health promoting lifestyle, self-esteem and self-efficacy. The data were collected from August 24 to September 3, 1999 and analyzed by Cronbach alpha, descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe's test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression by using SPSS/PC+ program. The results of research were as follows : 1. The average score of performance in the health promoting behavior variables was 2.61. The variable with the highest degree of performance was the sanitary life(3.14), whereas the one with the lowest degree was the professional health maintenance(1.50). The average score of self-esteem was 2.89, and self-efficacy was 6.60. 2. There was significant difference according to the demographic variables. The total health promoting behavior was predicted by age, religion, monthly income. personality, perceived health status and frequency of exercise. Self-esteem was predicted by religion, monthly income and personality. Self-efficacy was predicted by age, religion and personality. 3. There was a significant correlation between health promoting behavior and self-esteem, self-efficacy. 4. Self-efficacy was the highest factor (variable) predicting health promoting behavior. A total of 44.7% of the variance was explained in the total health promoting behavior by the self-efficacy, frequency of exercise, self-esteem, perceived health status and personality. In conclusion, this study revealed that self-efficacy, self-esteem may be important factors that can improve health promoting behavior. Therefore the findings of this study may provide significant basic data for health promoting program development.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.76 no.6
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• pp.269-275
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• 2014

Background: The six-minute walk test has been widely used in people with chronic cardiopulmonary disorders as an outcome assessment with regards to therapeutic or prognostic determinants. This study was undertaken to determine the six-minute walk distance (6MWD) in a sample of healthy Koreans and to create a reference equation. We also compared the 6MWD of our cohort with previously published equations. Methods: Two hundred fifty-nine healthy subjects (95 males) aged 22-59 years performed two walking tests using a standardized protocol. 6MWD was defined as the greatest distance achieved from the two tests. The effect of anthropometrics on the 6MWD was also investigated. Results: The average 6MWD was $598.5{\pm}57.92m$, with significantly longer distances by males ($628.9{\pm}59.51m$) than females ($580.9{\pm}47.80m$) (p<0.001). Age, height, weight, and body mass index were significantly correlated with 6MWD in univariate analysis. Stepwise multiple regression showed height to be single independent predictor of 6MWD ($r^2$=0.205, p<0.001). The reference equations derived in Caucasian and North African populations tend to overestimate the distance walked by Korean subjects, while Asian equations underestimate it. Conclusion: The average 6MWD in these Korean populations was 600 m. The regression equation revealed that individual's height was the most significant predictor of distance, explaining 20.5% of the distance variance.