• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.455-464
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• 2020

Objectives: The distribution of hospitals in Korea is unbalanced in terms of accessibility. Many local public health centers (PHCs) exempt out-of-pocket payments (OOPs) based on local government laws to increase coverage. However, this varies across administrative regions, as many make this exemption for the elderly, while others do not. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the OOP exemption at local PHCs among elderly individuals. Methods: This study used online data on Korean national law to gather information on individual local governments' regulations regarding OOP exemptions. Individual-level data were gathered from the 2018 Community Health Survey and regional-level data from public online sources. Results: The study analyzed 132 regions and 44 918 elderly people. A statistical analysis of rate differences and 2-level multiple logistic regression were carried out. The rate difference according to whether elderly individuals resided in areas with the OOP exemption was 1.97%p (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07 to 2.88) for PHC utilization, 1.37%p (95% CI, 0.67 to 2.08) for hypertension treatment, and 2.19%p (95% CI, 0.63 to 3.74) for diabetes treatment. The regression analysis showed that OOP exemption had an effect on hypertension treatment, with a fixed-effect odds ratio of 1.25 (95% CI, 1.05 to 1.48). Conclusions: The OOP exemption at PHCs can affect medical utilization in Korea, especially for hypertension treatment. The OOP exemption should be expanded to improve healthcare utilization in Korea.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.111-143
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• 2011

고용창출효과를 제고하기 위해서 노동 수요 측면의 임금보조를 현행 세액공제 방식에서 사회보험료감면 방식으로 대체해야 한다는 주장이 지속적으로 제기되고 있는 상황에서, 본 연구는 이론분석을 통해 이러한 주장의 타당성을 과학적으로 검증하기 위해 수행되었다. 분석 결과, 사회보험료감면 방식의 우월 여부는 사회보험 사각지대 존재 여부에 따라 다르게 나타나는데, 사각지대가 존재하지 않는 경우 사회보험료감면 방식이 고용창출 측면에서 세액공제 방식보다 우월하나, 사각지대가 존재하는 경우에는 사회보험료감면 방식의 우월성이 보장될 수 없다. 따라서 사회보험료감면 방식의 우월성을 구현하기 위해서는 사회보험 사각지대를 최소화함으로써 모든 기업이 임금보조 혜택을 받을 수 있는 토대를 마련하는 것이 긴요하다. 또한 기업별 고용여건(임금수준, 고용반응도 등)을 고려하여 감면비율을 차등적용함으로써 고용창출효과 극대화를 도모할 필요가 있다.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.93-113
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• 2017

This study aimed to determine the changes in the local fiscal structure brought about by the change in the transaction tax, including the acquisition tax, by the central government. The review of the analysis results proved the following. First, the government's transaction tax exemption policy effectively influenced the expansion of the local fiscal budget. Transaction tax exemptions such as acquisition tax exemptions would not contribute to the expansion of the local fiscal budget in the short run, but may do so in the long run. Second, the review of the effect of the transaction tax exemption policy by the central government on the local fiscal structure confirmed that its impact on the local fiscal structure may vary depending on the timing of such tax exemption. Third, the overall local fiscal structure as a result of the transaction tax exemption by the central government was confirmed to have been influenced more by the fiscal capability of the local government than by the income level of the local residents. In conclusion, the stimulation of real estate transactions using tax tools may positively influence the overall fiscal structure of local governments, but it would also put pressure on the fiscal management of local governments because it is largely influenced by the fiscal capability of the local governments.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.782-798
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• 1996

This study was a survey done for the purpose of constructing a nursing theory according to Korean culture and to identify the traditional Korean view of humans and the expectations of the sick role, and to confirm changes from the traditional view of humans and expectations of the sick role according to general characteristics of the population. The subjects were all adults over 18 years old. 517 who lived in six large cities and 191 who lived in five rural communities. Data collection was done from November 19th, 1994 to January 19th, 1995 using a tool to measure the traditional view of humans and expectations of the sick role which was developed by the investigator through a literature review. Collected data were analyzed using frequency, percent, Cronbach alpha, 1-test, F-test and Scheffe post hoc contrasts, with the SAS program. The results of this study are summerized as follows : 1. The Traditional view of human score for all subject was 49.92, which shows that Korean traditional view of human is moderate. High scored items were "human need to live by making harmony with nature, not by overcoming the nature" (3.44), "Filial duty to parents and elders is important" (3.31), "Think of family more than a individual" (2.96). 2. The differences in the traditional view of humans between residential districts showed that the residents of Chungbuk(56.00), Kyungbuk(55.26), Chonbuk(51.32), Taegu(50.59) had a more traditional view of humans than those in Pusan(45.42) and Seoul (47.27). 3. The differences in the traditional view of humans according to general characteristics showed that rural community residents, males, older people, people with lower levels of education, married and house-resident groups had a significantly higher traditional view of humans than urban residents, females, younger people, people with a higher levels of education, single and apartment-resident groups. There were differences according to religion and job. Buddhism had a higher traditional view of humans than those of atheism, Christianity and Catholicism and physical workers, a significantly highers score, than technicians and professional workers. 4. Daily expected task performance during illnesses was lowest for patients with stroke (2.16) and psychosis(2.40), in which case almost no daily general tasks were expected, followed by arthritis 4.06, peptic ulcer 4.79, headache 4.99 and cough 5.58. The amount of expected role exemption during illnesses was also highest for stroke(2.25), followed by psychosis(2.08), arthritis(1.64), peptic ulcer(1.29), headache(1.16) and cough(1.09). The amount of daily task performance in the acute stage(3.05) was significantly lower than that of convalescent stage(4.95). 5. Total expectation of role exemption according to general characteristics showed that there was no significant differences in urban /rural community, marriage, level of education and religion. By sex, women showed higher expectation of role exemption during illnesses than men. By age, the 31-40 year old group showed lower expectation of role exemption than the 41-50 year old group or over the 61 year old group.or over the 61 year old group.

• 융합보안논문지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.117-127
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• 2013

한국의 민간경비 산업은 발전하고 있지만 영세한 업체들의 난립으로 인해 결국 저가입찰을 할 수 밖에 없다. 그 결과 경비원은 낮은 보수와 후생복지의 취약 등으로 인해 업무 숙련도가 떨어지고 사기가 저하될 뿐더러 양질의 서비스를 기대하기 어려운 것이 현실이다. 또한 민간경비 분야의 전문 인력 양성체재에 대한 교육 및 훈련과 전문 인력에 대한 자격인증제도도 미흡한 실정이다. 이러한 문제에 적극적으로 대응하기 위한 방안 중의 하나로 자격제도를 활성화시키는 방안을 들 수 있다. 따라서 주요 국가 및 한국의 민간경비 관련 자격제도들의 현황을 조사한 후 문제점을 분석하여 다음과 같은 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다. 첫째, 경비지도사 자격제도는 경비지도사의 직무와 직접 관련성이 높은 과목을 검정하고, 실기시험을 추가하며, 경비 업무별 실기 위주의 교육과 정기적인 보수 교육 등이 필요하다. 또한 민간경비 산업에서 실질적으로 필요한 인원을 정확히 파악하여 검정하며, 1차 시험 면제 대상의 축소가 요구된다. 둘째, 경비원 직무교육 과목은 법적으로 명시되어야 하며, 경호 경비와 관련된 학력 및 경력자들에게 경비원 교육 과목을 일부 면제 해주거나 평가만을 통한 이수방법이 필요하다.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.229-250
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• 2010

오픈액세스 정책은 각 기관의 오픈액세스 프로젝트의 성공적 수행을 위해 매우 중요하다. 본 논문은 대학의 오픈액세스 정책수립시 규정되어야 할 요소들을 제안하기 위하여 수행되었다. 이를 위하여 국내 세 개 대학의 기관리포지토리 운영 정책과 ROARMAP에 등록된 대학의 오픈액세스 정책문서를 분석한 뒤 대학의 오픈액세스 정책 수립시 규정되어야 할 요소들을 제안하였다. 제안된 요소영역은 크게 제출자료영역, 제출시기, 제출자, 저작권, 요구수준, 예외, 이용, 오픈액세스 방법, 지원 등 9개영역이며 이들 각 영역에 대한 세부사항들 30개를 제안하였다.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.213-219
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• 2013

현재 국내에서 가동 중인 싸이클로트론센터는 약 35개소에 이르며, 대부분의 싸이클로트론 센터는 주로 핵의학검사용 악성종양 추적자인 $^{18}FDG$ 등과 같은 방사성의약품을 생산하고 있다. 18F을 생산하기 위한 타겟으로서 산소동위원소비($^{18}O/O$)가 98%정도인 고농축 $H_2{^{18}}O$를 사용하고 있다. 고농축 $H_2{^{18}}O$는 1 gram당 가격이 약 60~70 USD 정도로 매우 고가이나 100% 수입에 의존하고 있는 상황이다. 양성자 빔 조사 전의 타겟(고농축 $H_2{^{18}}O$)은 비방사성이다. 하지만, "사용후 $H_2{^{18}}O$"는 불순물들의 방사화에 의해 방사능을 띄게 되므로 방사선안전 법규에 따라 적절한 관리가 이루어져야 한다. 최근의 핵의학검사 건수의 증가에 따라 사용 후 O-18의 발생량이 증가하고 있음에도 불구하고 국내에서는 현재까지 이에 대한 방사화분석이 이루어지지 않았다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 $^{18}F$생산을 위해 양성자조사를 하고 난 타겟, 이른바 "사용후 O-18 water"의 방사화 분석을 실시하여 핵종별 방사능농도(Bq/g)를 확인하고자 하였다. 세 곳의 서로 다른 싸이클로트론 센터에서 보관 중인 "used $H_2{^{18}}O$" 중 20g 씩을 채취한 3개의 시료에 대해 방사화분석을 실시하였으며, 분석결과 사용후 O-18 water는 감마선 방출 방사성핵종인 $^{56}Co$, $^{57}Co$, $^{58}Co$, $^{54}Mn$ 등과 베타선 방출핵종인 $^3H$을 상당량 포함하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 모든 시료에서 3H은 규제면제 농도 이하인 반면, 한 개 시료는 핵종별 규제면제농도 이상의 감마선 방출핵종을 포함하고 있음을 확인하였다. 시료에 포함된 감마선 방출핵종의 방사능 농도(Bq/g)는 조사 후 보관기간의 차이에 따라 달랐으며, 향후의 추가적인 연구가 더 필요하다고 판단되지만, 본 연구의 결과는 "사용후 O-18 water"의 합리적인 관리방안 수립을 위한 근거 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.55-69
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• 2004

Bioenergy can be obtained from various forms of biomass such as agricultural, food processing, and municipal wastes. Recently, its importance is recognized more seriously because of its positive impacts on economic and stable energy supply and environmental sustainability. Despite its advantages, bioenergy has not been used as much as it was expected, nor has it been developed to the level of attractive commercialization in energy market. The main reasons for the sluggish progress have been analyzed by comparing the bioenergy policies in Korea and U.S.A. Both Korea and U.S. governments have recognized the importance of bioenergy and put in various efforts to promote the use of bioenergy. Both governments have legislated alternative energy promotion plans that support R&D, tax reduction, rewards, and low interest loans. However, it is suggested that the bioenergy policy and plan juxtapose the financial supports (R&D, tax exemption, low interest loan, education, etc.) with strong mandates and obligations. Although imposing strong mandates prerequisites the economically attractive and feasible technologies, it can motivate and speed up more effective technology development, in turn. In addition, the bioenergy R&D support must include studies on commercialization and marketing as well as process development. R&D on the socioeconomic effects of bioenergy should also be supported. Lastly, decision making processes for the bioenergy policy, and for alternative energy overall, must include environmental agencies for taking advantage of environmental benefits of bioenergy.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.598-608
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• 2017

A new radiation scale is proposed. With empathy toward the vast majority of people who are not well versed in radiation and related matters, and thus suffering from misunderstanding that breeds unnecessary fear of radiation, the aim of proposing a new radiation scale, radiation index (RAIN), is to put the general public at ease with the concept of radiation. RAIN is defined in dimensionless numbers that relate any specific radiation dose to a properly defined reference level. As RAIN is expressed in plain numbers without an attached scientific unit, the public will feel comfortable with its friendly look, which in turn should help them understand radiation dose levels easily and allay their anxieties about radiation. The expanded awareness and proper understanding of radiation will empower the public to feel that they are not hopeless victims of radiation. The correspondence between RAIN and the specific accumulated dose is established. The equivalence will allow RAIN to serve as a common language of communication for the general public with which they can converse with radiation experts to discuss matters related to radiation safety, radiation diagnosis and therapy, nuclear accidents, and other related matters. Such fruitful dialogues will ultimately enhance public acceptance of radiation and associated technologies.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.2377-2398
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• 2021

In the recent modernized world, utilization of natural resources (renewable & non-renewable) is increasing drastically due to the sophisticated life style of the people. The over-consumption of non-renewable resources causes pollution which leads to global warming. Consequently, government agencies have been taking several initiatives to control the over-consumption of non-renewable natural resources and encourage the production of renewable energy resources. In this regard, we introduce an IoT powered integrated framework called as green home architecture (GHA) for green score calculation based on the usage of natural resources for household purpose. Green score is a credit point (i.e.,10 pts) of a family which can be calculated once in a month based on the utilization of energy, production of renewable energy and pollution caused. The green score can be improved by reducing the consumption of energy, generation of renewable energy and preventing the pollution. The main objective of GHA is to monitor the day-to-day usage of resources and calculate the green score using the proposed green score algorithm. This algorithm gives positive credits for economic consumption of resources and production of renewable energy and also it gives negative credits for pollution caused. Here, we recommend a green score based tax calculation system which gives tax exemption based on the green score value. This direct beneficiary model will appreciate and encourage the citizens to consume fewer natural resources and prevent pollution. Rather than simply giving subsidy, this proposed system allows monitoring the subsidy scheme periodically and encourages the proper working system with tax exemption rewards. Also, our GHA will be used to monitor all the household appliances, vehicles, wind mills, electricity meter, water re-treatment plant, pollution level to read the consumption/production in appropriate units by using the suitable sensors. These values will be stored in mass storage platform like cloud for the calculation of green score and also employed for billing purpose by the government agencies. This integrated platform can replace the manual billing and directly benefits the government.