• Proceedings of the Korean Statistical Society Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.69-73
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• 2002

본 발표에서는 베이지안이 생각하는 확률의 개념을 상호교환성(exchangeability)의 가정아래 어떻게 확장되어 해석되는지를 소개하고, 빈도학자들의 접근방법과 비교함으로서 베이지안에서 생각하는 확률이 어떠한 특징을 가지고 있는지를 설명하고자 하였다. 또한 Efron에 의하여 지적된 베이지안의 네 가지 문제점에 대하여 논의하고 특별히 과학적 객관성(scientific objectivism)의 한계점과 이러한 한계점을 베이지안에서 어떻게 해결하고 있는지에 대하여 논의하였다. 일반적으로 과학적 객관성에 대한 한계점은 빈도학자들의 방법론에서도 존재하게 된다. 즉, 연구자가 가설을 설정하고 이에 맞는 실험설계를 하고 유의수준을 설정하고 p값을 이용하여 의사결정을 내리는 모든 단계에서 연구자의 주관성이 들어갈 수밖에 없게 된다는 것이다. 베이지안 방법론에서는 이러한 비객관적인 체계를 인정하고 파악하여 사전확률(prior)에 포함시킴으로서 이를 객관적인 자료인 가능도함수(likelihood function)와 혼합하여 추론이나 의사결정을 진행하게 된다. 마지막으로 베이지안 학자들의 최근 객관적인 사전확률에 대한 다양한 형태의 연구를 소개하는 것으로 발표를 마무리하고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2011.06c
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• pp.240-243
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• 2011

웹 문서를 비롯한 여러 가지 문서의 양이 급증함에 따라, 문서로부터 주요정보를 얻거나 자동으로 요약하는 연구들이 진행되어왔다. 특히, 문서를 요약하는 연구들은 문서에 존재하는 문장을 추출하는 방법과 요약문을 새롭게 생성하는 방법, 이렇게 크게 두 가지 방법으로 진행되었다. 이 연구에서는, 잠재 토픽 모델을 통하여 얻어낸 각 문장의 토픽 순열을 이용하여 문서를 대표하는 문장, 즉 요약문으로서 적합한 문장들을 추출하는 새로운 기법을 소개한다. 특히, 잠재 토픽 모델이 일반적으로 가지고 있는 속성인 토픽 순열의 교환성(exchangeability)을 배제하고 토픽의 순열을 이용하여 요약문을 추출해내므로 이 기법을 통하여 문서 혹은 문장의 구조를 반영한 요약문을 만들 수 있다.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1179-1185
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• 2007

This paper presents a new approach to automotive embedded systems development and validation. Recently automotive embedded systems become even more complex and the product life cycle is getting reduced. To overcome these problems AUTOSAR, a standardized software platform and component based approach, was introduced. Model-based approach has been widely applied in the development of embedded systems and has strong benefits such as early validation and automated testing. In this paper cooperative development and validation of AUTOSAR and model-based approach are introduced and automated testing techniques are proposed. With the proposed techniques we can improve complexity management through increased reuse and exchangeability of software module and automated testing is realized.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.2886-2892
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• 2009

This research focuses on searching primary factors in accessing internet shopping sites. In this research we have derived primary factors such as the order factors, the product factors, and the delivery factors by factor analysis approach. We have done AHP analysis on these derived primary factors. The results of AHP analysis show that the most important factor is the product factors and the most important sub factor among the product factors is the after service factor including guaranteed returns and refunds, and product exchangeability. The next important factor is the incentive provision in which discount coupons, mileage accumulation policies are the main sub factors included.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.201-209
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• 2023

Background: To describe domain knowledge consistently and precisely, the establishment of a controlled vocabulary, a so-called ontology, is essential. Internationally, the plant ontology (PO) in the ecology field has been developed for the anatomy and developmental stages of plants in English, Spanish, and Japanese, but there is no Korean version of the PO due to a lack of knowledge on standardization for Korean plants. Objectives: We aimed to establish a Korean plant ontology with core PO architectures. Methods: The latest ontology web language (OWL)-formatted raw version of the PO was collected from the PO consortium site. A formal workflow process and OWL file-handing tools for efficient Korean content development were conducted and executed. Results: The macro- and micro-perspective frameworks of the PO were presented by analyzing the upper model and the internal OWL-leveled physical structure, respectively. We developed and validated Korean knowledge content for a total of 1,957 classes included in the PO and transplanted them into an ontology modeling system. Conclusions: A Korean plant ontology was established for international harmonization through improved compatibility and data exchangeability with multilingual environmental and ecological knowledge bases.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.860-864
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• 2002

$Li^{+}$ extraction reactions with ion-exchange type lithium manganese oxide in an aqueous phase were examined using chemical and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. In the process of extraction reaction, the lithium manganese oxide showed a topotactic extraction of $Li^{+ }$ in the aqueous phase mainly through an ion-exchange mechanism, and the $Li^{+}$ extracted samples indicated a high selectivity and a large capacity for $Li^{+}$ . The electronic structures and chemical bonding properties were also studied using a discrete variational (DV)-X$\alpha$ molecular orbital method with cluster model of (Li$Mn_{12}$ $O_{40}$ )$^{27-}$ for tetrahedral sites and ($Li_{7}$ Mn $O_{38}$ )$^{3}$ for octahedral site in $Li_{1.33}$ $Mn_{1.67}$ / $O_{4}$ respectively. Li in the manganese oxides is highly ionized in both sites, but the net charge of Li was greater for tetrahedral sites than octahedral. These calculations suggest that the tetrahedral sites have higher $Li^{+}$ $H^{+}$ exchangeability than the octahedral sites, and are preferable for the selective adsorption for L $i^{+}$ ions.s.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.7 no.1 s.13
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• pp.21-28
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• 1999

NGIS and other related public projects have contributed to the generalized use of the digital maps. The accuracy and cost-effectiveness of such digital maps can be enhanced from the integrated use with airphotos and satellite imagery. This study mainly focuses on the investigation of a efficient way of integrating the digital map and image data along with searching for a proper standard format for the easier distribution of image data. This includes a thorough investigation of the available oversea image data-DoQ, DEM, DRG-and exisiting data transfer format such as widely used Geo TIFF and BIIF, supported by ISO. Also, major advantages and problems from integrating both data have been discussed to seek alternatives. The major conclusion from the study includes the need for more supports to activate the use of image data by policy-makers and the establishment of standards towards BIIF considering the accuracy, exchangeability, and trends.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1106-1109
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• 2002

Studies on subtle spacer ligand effects of AgCF3SO3 with 3,3'-Py2X (X = O vs S) have been carried out. The reaction of AgCF3SO3 with 3,3'-Py2O and 3,3'-Py2S produces [Ag(CF3SO3)(3,3'-Py2O)] and [Ag(3,3'-Py2S)] (CF3SO3), respectively. Crystallographic characterization of [Ag(CF3SO3)(3,3'-Py2O)] (monoclinic P1, a =8.405(2) $\AA$, b = 10.714(2) $\AA$, c = 18.031(2) $\AA$, $\alpha=$ 77.36(2), $\beta=107.83(2)^{\circ}$, $\gamma=$ 66.92(2), V = 1438.0(5) $\AA3$ , Z =2,R = 0.0486) reveals that the skeletal structure is an anion-bridged double-strand. The double-strands are packed like a plywood. The framework of [Ag(3,3'-Py2S)](CF3SO3) (orthorhombic Pcab, a = 17.330(2) $\AA$, b = 8.640(1) $\AA$, c = 19.933(6) $\AA$, V = 2985(1) $\AA3$ , Z =8, R = 0.0437) is a sinusoidal single-strand. The formation of each coordination polymer appears to be primarily associated with the donating ability and the confor ma-tional energy barrier of the spacer ligands. Thermal analyses indicate that [Ag(CF3SO3)(3,3'-Py2O)] and [Ag(3,3'-Py2S)](CF3SO3) are stable up to 250 $^{\circ}C$ and 210 $^{\circ}C$, respectively. For the anion exchangeability, the nature of the spacer ligand is more significant factor than the distance of silver(Ⅰ)···triflate.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1744-1748
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• 2002

Trifluoroacetate anion as a connector has been studied on $AgCF_3CO_2$ with 3,3'-$Py_2X$(X=O vs S) produces 1 : 1 adducts of [Ag($CF_3CO_2$)(3,3'-$Py_2X<$)]. Crystallographic characterization of [Ag($CF_3CO_2$)(3,3'-$Py_2X$)](monoclinic $P2_1$a=7.383(1)$\AA$b=19.801(3)$\AA$c=9.297(3)$\AA$,$\beta$=$100.26(2)^{\circ}$,V=1337.4(5) $\AA^3$, Z=2, R=0.0386) reveals that the 3,3'-$Py_2O$ spacer connects two silver ions to give a single strand and that the single strands are linked via the trifluoroacetate anions in an "up and down even-bridge" to give an elegant molecular grid. The framework of [$Ag(CF_3CO_2)(3,3'-Py_2X)$](monoclinic $P2_1/c$a=8.331(2)$\AA$b=14.010(2)$\AA$,c=11.926(3 $\AA$$\beta$=$93.70(2)^{\circ}$=1385.1(6)$\AA^3$, Z=4, R=0.0589) is a single-strand. The single strands are connected via the trifluoroacetate anions in a double-bridge, resulting in a typical molecular chicken-wire. The trifluoroacetate anion as a connector appears to be primarily associated with its moderately coordinating ability. Their structural features have been discussed based on the anion exchangeability. Thermal analyses indicate that the compounds are stable up to approximately $200^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.42-46
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• 2012

The ISO document of ISO/TC/190/SC3/WG11/N11 is a working draft of international standard (WD) dealing with analytical method for the determination of explosives and related compounds using high performance liquid chromatography. The scope of this WD covers the storage of samples, preparing test portion, extraction and instrumentation. The main purpose of this study was to improve the extraction conditions which were already adopted in the WD. For this purpose, mechanical shaking method could be corresponded up to 18 hours of ultrasonic bath extraction in the WD was tested. Methanol was also tested with the intention of being added as an extracting solvent other than acetonitrile in the WD. According to the results, 16 hours of mechanical shaking method showed statistically the same effectiveness as that of 18 hours of ultrasonic bath extraction. In case of extracting solvent, methanol also showed statistically the same extraction capability as acetonitrile for DNB, TNT, 2-A-DNT and 2,4-DNT. However, the recovery rate of TNB with methanol extraction was 40% higher than that of acetonitrile extraction. Through adding mechanical shaking method into committee draft (cf. the next stage draft of the WD during the process for making international standard), ISO standard of analyzing explosives and related compounds in soil would become more useful in dealing with huge number of field samples in the laboratory. In other aspect, adopting methanol as an alternative extracting solvent would be very effective in the terms of exchangeability with GC-ECD/MS method which is being developed by German experts.