• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.17-22
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• 2009

This research was conducted to investigate methods to strengthen the apartment community from the territoriality point of view. In order to achieve this goal, first of all the concept and the structure of territoriality are studied through articles and literature reviews to ensure a full understanding of the community strengthening-related plan elements suggested in the previous research. The study is then divided into the categories of semi-private territory and semi-public territory to pursue analysis based on the issues related to strengthening community such as possession, proximity, defense, boundary-regulation, and personalization in case by case studies. The results of case studies are as follows: in the case of possession with psychological concept of possession, the extension of private space and exclusive space are suggested. And for the concept of proximity, that is, the physical and psychological distance for sense of the same nature, increased opportunity of meeting the residents in the same building or same area are suggested And for the psychological proximity, familiar design and facilities for meeting and exchange-related methods are shown. For the case of indirect defense in defense concept, the methods related to monitoring and supervising facilities for protection are found. For the boundary-regulations, it is based on the concepts of physical and psychological borderlines; walls either vertical or horizontal, or such obstacle-related methods are suggested for the physical borderline, and space structure and symbols-related methods are found for psychological borderline. Finally, for the case of personalization which is related to the expression of identity, design-related methods are suggested.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.492-498
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• 1984

We have reported the seasonal and portional variation in the composition of uronic acid of alginic acid from Ecklonia cava in the previous study. In the present paper, uronic acid block structure of alginic acid from Ecklonia cave was investigated, and some related properties such as viscosity, the dependence on temperature and substitution of metallic ion were also discussed. The proportion M block was highest amnog three blocks in both of frond and stipe. The average values of M and G block ratios were $51.6|%\;and\;32.3\%$ in the frond, whereas $45.7\%\;and\;38.6\%$ in the stipe, respectively. The proportions of alternating blocks in the frond and stipe were similar, and the values were $16.1\%$ in the frond and $15.6\%$ in the stipe. The viscosity of $1\%$ sodium alginate solution was almost inversely proportional to the M/G and/or M block ratio. Viscosities were marked maximum from summer to autumn and minimum winter to spring. In the value of lower M/G and M block ratio, the viscosity seemed to have a considerable dependence on temperature. The temperature dependence was more appearant in the alginic acid from the frond (M/G ratio, 0.95; M block, $54.2\%$) collected in July and the stipe (M/G ratio, 1.61; M block $47.6\%$) in April. The affinity with metallic ion appeared higher in order of $Pb^{2+}>Cu^{2+}>Co^{2+}>Zn^{2+}$. The amounts of metallic ion exchange of the $Pb^{2+},\;Cu^{2+},\;Co^{2+}\;and\;Zn^{2+}$ were ranged from 3.4. to 4.7, 2.5 to 3.2, 1.8 to 2.2 and 1.6 to 1.7 meq/(g. sodium alginate), respectively.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.230-235
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• 2009

In our country, the application of the design method of face to face dimension in wall-slab apartment has passed 10 years. So MC design method has fixed in the design step to some degree. In Design and Work Execution of House the exclusive area of the apartment was calculated by face to face dimension. And the term of face to face dimension was known broadly to clients, construction company, etc. But design method of face to face dimension is not to simply extend the room size so far as wall depth in design process but to ensure the actual space should be considered with efficient use and assembly of building components. That is to say, Design method of face to face dimension is not to be defined by design step but to be related with construction and maintenance. However in construction process the point of face to face design method was not understood even now. So the purpose of this study was to extract the effect and question of face to face design method in construction process by survey of actual condition of structure and construction quality, and compare this result with existing construction method. The following project of this study is to survey of actual condition of interior components such as gypsum board, windows & doors etc. Therefore this study is to induce architectural long-life through architectural standardization construction and component's exchange, and, by the subject of the study on Apartment to have design guideline and basis for joining part between Gypsumboard and windows.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 1998.09a
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• pp.20-25
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• 1998

Solar irradiation controls the exchange of heat energy between atmosphere and land or ocean, and becomes an important factors to the radiance flux at the surface and the biosphere. In order to estimate solar irradiance and earth albedo In Korea peninsula during 1996, GMS date and paramaterization model was combinationally used. In clear sky, the paramaterization model was used to estimate solar iradiance. Also in cloudy sky, the earth albedo was used to calculate the Interceptive effect of solar irradiance. The hourly solar irradiance [the hourly earth albedo] showed generally very low values with <1.00 MJ/m$^2$hr [high values with >0.65] on the middle part (36.00-36.50$^{\circ}$S) and the Southeastern part (near 34.50$^{\circ}$S) in Korea peninsula, respectively. Satellite estimates (GMS data) with pyramometer measurements (in-situ data) were compared for 21 observed stations. Totally, correlation coefficient showed high values with 0.85. In the monthly variation, correlation coefficient of the spring and summer with rms=about 0.42 MJ/m$^2$hr was better than the autumn and winter with rms >0.5 MJ/m$^2$hr. Generally monthly variations of correlation coefficient between satellite estimetes and pyranometer measurements showed r=0.936 in clear sky during 1 year except only May, June, July and August.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2014

In this study, we synthesized two different silica monoliths by using sol-gel, solvent exchange, surface modification, ambient pressure drying processes, and surfactant-based templating technique followed by calcination process. All of the prepared two silica monoliths showed crack-free appearance with fairly good transparency, and furthermore were confirmed to have extremely high porosity, specific surface area, and mean pore size below 30 nm. The silica aerogel sample exhibited finer and more homogeneous nano-sized pore structure due to spring back effect caused by surface modification, which resulted in better thermal insulation performance. Based on measured thermal conductivities and theoretical relationship, multi-layered glass window system in which silica monolith prepared in this study was inserted as a middle layer was revealed to have superior thermal insulation performance compared to conventional air-inserted glass window system.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.127-139
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• 2017

Measurements of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of $CO_2$ based on the eddy covariance technique provide reasonable carbon balance estimates in response to local environmental conditions. In South Korea, the forest ecosystems cover approximately 64% of the total area, thereby strongly affecting regional carbon balances. Cultivated croplands that cover about 17% of the total area should also be considered when calculating the carbon balance of the country. In this study, our objectives were (a) to quantify the range and seasonal variation of NEE at forest ecosystems, including deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests, and agricultural ecosystems, including rice paddies and a potato field, in South Korea and (b) to compare NEE at ten Fluxnet sites that have the same or similar ecosystems as found in South Korea. The results showed that the forest and agricultural ecosystems were carbon sinks. In Korea, NEE at the forest ecosystems varied between -31 and $-362gC/m^2/yr$, and NEE at the croplands ranged from -210 to $-248gC/m^2/growing$ season. At the deciduous forest, NEE reached low values in late spring, early summer, and early autumn, while at the coniferous forest, it reached low values in spring, early summer, and mid autumn. The young mixed forest was a much stronger carbon sink than the old-growth deciduous and coniferous forests. During each crop growing season, beet had the lowest NEE value within six crops, followed by wither wheat, maize, rice, potato, and soybean. These results will be useful for designing and applying management strategies for the reduction of $CO_2$ emissions.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.234-241
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• 2007

Biological amendments consisting of suspensions of selected microorganisms are often used in conjunction with various organic materials for amending soils to improve soil quality and plant growth. The effects of the biological amendment on chemical and biological properties of soil were investigated for a biological amendmentalone and when combined with different organic materials includingmunicipal compost (MC), poultry litter (PL), and cover crops (red clover (RC) and spring oats). A liquid preparation of a biological amendment called Effective Microorganisms was sprayed on the tested plots three times over a two-year period. Effective Microorganisms alone did not influence pH, K, or organic matter content in soil. However, increases in P in PL-treated soils in fall of both years andCa in MC-treated soil in fall 2001, and decreases in Ca, Mg, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in RC-planted soil were associated with EM. Increased dehydrogenase(DH) activitiesassociated with Effective Microorganismswere only detected in July (P=0.0222) and October (P=0.0834) for RC-planted soils in the first year. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysisappeared to be enhanced by Effective Microorganisms in soils untreated or treated with MC and oatsbut only sporadically during the sampling period. FDA hydrolysis in both PL- and RC-treated soils as well as DH activity in PL-treated soils decreased with Effective Microorganisms treatment. Effective Microorganisms did not influence substrate utilization patterns expressed by the BIOLOG assay. We conclude that Effective Microorganisms effects on soil chemical and biological properties varied depending on the added organic materials. Effective Microorganisms periodically increased soil DH activity and FDA hydrolysis with RC and with MC plus oats, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 1999

Over 2,000 ha of rice fields in the western and southern coastal region of Korea were flooded with sea water during the spring tide, on August 19-21, 1997, and the rice plant at heading stage was injured. The field surveys were undertaken at the sea water flooded paddy fields in Chonbuk Province, to identify the injury symptoms and rice yield damage subjected to different flooding condition and desalinization methods. Five days after sea water flooding at heading stage, the flag leaves of rice plants flooded with 30 ㎝ deep sea water withered from the tip, the withering progressed to the lower leaves in deeper flooding. The spikelets were spotted black and discolored from the tip at 50 ㎝ deep flooded rice, and some panicles changed to white at 80 ㎝ deep flooded rice. Most of the rice leaves submerged completely for an hour were withered and most of panicles changed to white. The milled rice yield, percentage of ripened grain, and 1000 grain weight of flooded rice decreased with deeper flooding water, higher water salinity and longer flooding time. Even under the same flooding conditions, the damage of rice yield varied with the growth stage: heading stage>dough stage>booting stage. Rice yield damage was less in the fields on the upper riverside than those of the fields on the estuary and seaside, because of lower water salinity. In a flooded field, the rice yield damages were reduced as the distance increased from the levees where the sea water inflowed and increased as the distance increased from the fresh water irrigation gate. The desalinization treatments consisting of frequent exchange of irrigation water and spraying with fresh water soon after flooding effectively reduced the rice yield damage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1-10
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• 2018

Use of de-icing salts results in accumulation of high concentrations of ions on roadside soils and tree. The purpose of this study isto determine translocation of seasonal impact of exchangeable cations originating from de-icing salt on roadside surface soil-plant influenced by the intensity of foliar damage (NY = 0-25%, SY = 26-50%, CY = 51-75%) of trees. This paper investigated the concentration of four exchangeable cations ($K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Na^+$, and $Mg^{2+}$) on the roadside surface soil. The tree (Ginko biloba) samples were collected from the Konkuk and Judeok intersections in Chung-ju city. The sequential extraction procedure was applied to 120 soil samples of the soilsurface and 30 tree samples. Four cation exchange ions were determined by ICP-OES. The content of four exchangeable cations present on roadside soil was found to be the lowest in NY but highest in CY from tree pits in the order of NY < SY < CY. Especially, the results were apparent during spring time compared to other seasons. Soil collected from tree pits had the highest concentration of $Ca^{2+}$ possibly due to a higher volume of traffic on those streetsresulting in splashing of more calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$). The analysis of three exchangeable cations ($K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, and $Na^+$) in the tree leaves revealed higher levels than roadside surface soil when foliar damage ratio increased in the order of NY < SY < CY in summer. In addition, a strong positive linear relationship was observed between the concentration of exchangeable cations in soil and trees. It is hypothesized that the results of this study can be a valuable baseline for managing de-icing salt on roadside soil and trees, in order to mitigate the salt stress that can damage the roadside soil and trees.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.30-40
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• 1992

The area of grassland established and the arable land in forage production have been decreased recently in Korea. As a result, forages available from the grassland and the arable land provided only 40% of the total roughage consumed by cattle in 1991, compared with 54% in 1989. The decreasing trend of the forage production has been impinged on by a number of legislative. socio-economic. technical and other constraints negatively affecting grassland and forage development. Consequently. effective systems and strategies are quite necessary to have sustainable grassland farming in Korea. In spring and autumn, temperatures are too low for subtropical forage crops, and the summer monsoon climate is another serious limitation to the use of cool-season species. Therefore it is an imperative that not only the research-based grassland development but also the forage crop production should be strongly supported by the government authorities to overcome such climatic limitations. Private forest land holdings are of relatively small units in Korea. Accordingly. it is necessary and important to enlarge the forest land holdings per farm to develop as economic units of grassland. For this the government should introduce new policy measures such as for example: long-term leases of Sorest land and the idle arable land of absentee owners ; rational rental system of national and public forest lands; integrating livestock and forest production. All the laws and regulations standing in the way of the grassland development in forest lands should be modified and revised to open the way for much easier development of grassland. It is also proposed that a high level of financial incentives -hould be provided for structural improvements for the grassland development. They may be: mechanization facilitation, construction of new roads relating to grassland, and land exchange and consolidation. And it is basically necessary that financial enumeration or profits must be garanteed in order to motivate farmers to keep up farming continuously. For more efficient grassland development in mountainous areas, reorganization of Alpine Experiment Station and NAB1 Namwon Branch Station may be needed. Research should be strengthened for completion of pasture mixtures, development of maximum forage production methods with a view to saving labor and reducing production costs, introduction of grazing and forage conservation techniques. and utilization of rice straw as more palatable and nutritious forage source. In order to have more efficient and effective transfer of advanced forage production technologies to livestock farmers the user-clients. it is also essential that special training measures should be given to livestock farmers through making greater use of specialized research and extension workers.