• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.65-73
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• 2013

Ground-coupled heat pump system has attracted attention as a promising renewable energy technology due to its improving energy efficiency and eco-friendly mechanism for space cooling and heating. Pipes buried in the ground play a role of direct thermal interaction between circulating fluid inside the pipe and surrounding soils in the geothermal exchange system. However, both complexities of turbulent flow coupling thermal-hydraulic phenomena and very long aspect ratio of the pipe make it difficult to model the heat exchange system directly. Energy balance for fluid flow inside the pipe was derived to model thermal-hydraulic phenomena, and one-dimensional pipe element was proposed through Galerkin formation and time integration of the equation. Developed element is combined to pre-developed FEM code for THM phenomena in porous media. Numerical results of Thermal Response Test showed that line-source model overestimates equivalent thermal conductivity of surrounding soils due to thermal interaction between adjacent pipes and finite length of the pipe. Thus, inverse analysis for the TRT simulation was conducted to present optimal transformation matrix with utmost convergence.

• Proceedings of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society Conference
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.70-71
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• 2002

Exchange-coupled cluster of transition-metal ions are relevant to many different scientific areas, ranging from chemistry to solid-state physics, biology, material science and has been the subject of much research in recent years(1,2). Single crystal EPR spectroscopy works as a very effective tool for the measurement of J values for small exchange interactions. This makes EPR technique very suitable for detection of weak exchange coupling transmitted over long distances via extended atomic and melecular bridges. Large polyoxometallates (3) may provide ideal structural environments for the study of interactions between paramagnetic ions. The detailed nature of magnetic interaction (positive sign and magnitude of J~0.006 $cm^{-1}$ /) was clearly determined for di-copper(II) system by single crystal EPR spectroscopy (4). The single-triplet (S-T) transitions are forbidden by different symmetries of the wave functions. However, when the singlet ground state is mixed into triplet states, the S-T transitions can be allowed and observed as weak lines. These weak S-T lines are positioned symmetrically with respect to the main transitions in the distance equals to 2J from the center of the spectrum. This lines allow one to determine the J-value with very high accuracy when │J│ ＜ hv 0.32 $cm^{-1}$ /. Unfortunately, the S-T transitions in the single crystal were detected by EPR method only in a few complexes until now. We have measured single-triplet transition lines for several magnetically coupled cluster systems and determined their J values accurately. The temperature dependency of J was studied by monitoring the changes in S-T.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.132-141
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• 2001

The switching characteristics and the magnetization-flop behavior in magnetic tunnel junctions exchange biased by synthetic antiferromagnets (SyAFs) are investigated by using a computer simulations based on a single-domain multilayer model. The bias field acting on the free layer is found to be sensitive to the thickness of neighboring layers, and the thickness dependence of the bias field is greater at smaller cell dimensions due to larger magnetostatic interactions. The resistance to magnetization flop increases with decreasing cell size due to increased shape anisotropy. When the cell dimensions are small and the synthetic antiferromagnet is weakly, or not pinned, the magnetization directions of the two layers sandwiching the insulating layer are aligned antiparallel due to a strong magnetostatic interaction, resulting in an abnormal magneto resistance (MR) change from the high-MR state to zero, irrespective of the direction of the free-layer switching. The threshold field for magnetization-flop is found to increase linearly with increasing antiferromagnetic exchange coupling in the synthetic antiferromagnet. Irrespective of the magnetic parameters and cell sizes, magnetization flop does not exist near zero applied field, indicating that magnetization flop is driven by the Zeeman energy.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.49-54
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• 2020

We studied the electronic and magnetic properties for the Mn-doped chalcopyrite (CH) AlAs, GaAs, and AlGaAs₂ semiconductor by using the first-principles calculations. The chalcopyrite AlGaP₂, AlGaAsP, and AlGaAs₂ compounds have a semiconductor characters with a small band-gap. The interaction between Mn-3d and As-4p states at the Fermi level dominate rather than the other states. The ferromagnetic ordering of dopant Mn with high magnetic moment is induced due to the Mn(3d)-As(4p) strong coupling, which is attributed by the partially filled As-4p bands. The holes are mediated with keeping their 3d-electrons, therefore the ferromagnetic state is stabilized by this double-exchange mechanism. We noted that the ferromagnetic state with high magnetic moment is originated from the hybridized As(4p)-Mn(3d)-As(4p) interaction mediated by the holes-carrier.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.1113-1117
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• 2009

The one-dimensional coordination polymers, $[Cu^{II}(L)(NO_3)_2]_n$ (1) and {$[Cu^{II}(L)(NO_3)]{\cdot}2H_2O}_{2n} (2), were synthesized from $Cu(NO_3)_2{\cdot}3H_2O$ and 2-[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)amino]ethanol (L, PMAE) in methanol by controlling the molar ratio of copper(II) salt. Copper(II) ion in 1 has one pyridine group of PMAE whose an aminoethanol group coordinates adjacent copper(II) ion. As the pyridine group is bonded to neighboring copper(II) ion, 1 becomes a one-dimensional chain. Contrary to 1, the structure of 2 shows that the oxygen atom of ethoxide group is bridged between two copper(II) ions, which forms a dinuclear complex. Additionally, the pyridine group of PMAE included one dinuclear unit is coordinated to the other dimeric one each other, which leads to a one-dimensional polymer. Due to the structural differences, 1 exhibits weak antiferromagnetic interaction, while 2 shows strong antiferromagnetic interaction. Due to direct spin exchange via oxygen of PMAE 2 has a much strong spin coupling than 1.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.71-75
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• 2005

An effective method, i.e., the solid atom method, is suggested to obtain the Coulomb interaction parameter, U, and the Hund exchange coupling constant, J, for use in the LDA+U calculation. The par~meters are obtained self-consistently during the LDA+U calculation. The method is applied to typical transition metal oxides and $MnB^{VI}(B^{VI}=S,Se,Te)$. The U values for the transition metal oxides have similar magnitude to previous calculations although they are obtained by a much simpler method. $MnB^{VI}s$ have been characterized as crossroads materials between charge transfer and band insulators by the LDA+U calculation.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.332-336
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• 2011

We studied the effect on the electronic and magnetic properties of the N defect in clean and Cu-doped wurtzite III-nitrides by using the first-principles calculations. When it is doped two Cu atoms in the nearest neighboring sites, the system of AlN, GaN, or InN with the N vacancy is energetically more favorable than that without the N vacancy site. When the Cu concentration increases, the total magnetic moment of a supercell becomes small. The ferromagnetism of Cu atom is very low due to the weak 3d-3d coupling. It is noticeable that the spin-exchange interaction between the Cu-3d and N defect states is important.

• Information and Communications Magazine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.64-73
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• 2007

Recently, cross-layer design approach has been greatly attracting researchers' attention as an alternative for improving the performance of wireless data networks. The main reason why cross-layer approaches are particularly well suited for wireless networks is that there exists direct coupling between physical layer and upper layers. Therefore, with cross-layer approach, the protocol designers try to exploit the interaction between layers and promote adaptability at all layers, based on information exchange between layers. In this article we focus on the cross-layer engineering for high data-rate mobile Internet services through cellular networks. First, the general considerations in cross-layer engineering are outlined. Then, we discuss the common approach in literatures, which mainly deals with adaptability in physical and medium access control layer. Finally, we show that the cross-layer engineering taking account of all layers is more adequate for the mobile Internet services cellular network.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1320-1325
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• 1998

ZnGa2O4: Mn phosphors were prepared by a new chemical process, and their photoluminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance characteristics were investigated. The chemical method showed a low temperature formation of phosphors and a rod-type shape of particles. The strong ultraviolet emission was observed in the undoped ZnGa2O4 phosphor, while strong green emission in the Mn2+-activated ZnGa2O4 phosphor. The green emission intensity of the phosphor prepared by the chemical method was much stronger than that prepared by the conventional method. This difference with preparation methods was interpreted as due to the difference in the distribution of Mn2+ in the host lattice. From EPR results, it was explained that the line intensity of the undoped ZnGa2O4 is associated with the electrical conductivity of this material and the concentration quenching of green luminescence of ZnGa2O4: Mn at higher Mn2+ concentration is attributed to the coupling by exchange interaction between Mn2+ ions.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.157-174
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• 2006

Ajax interaction model changes the posture of web application to become a stateful over HTTP. Ajax applications are long-lived inthe browser. XMLHTTPRequest (XHR) is used to facilitate the data exchange. Using HTTPS over this interaction is not viable because of the frequency of data exchange. Moreover, switching of protocols form HTTP to HTTPS for sensitive information is prohibited because of server-of-origin policy. The longevity, constraint, and asynchronous features of Ajax application need to hove a different authentication and session fondling mechanism that invoke re-authentication. This paper presents an authentication and session management scheme using Ajax. The scheme is design lo invoke periodic and event based re-authentication in the background using digest authentication with auto-generated password similar to OTP (One Time Password). The authentication and session management are wrapped into a framework called AWASec (Ajax Web Application Security) for coupling to avoid broken authentication and session management.