• STI Policy Review
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.20-42
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• 2014

The Brazil, Russia, India China and South Africa (BRICS) group has emerged as a collection of large economies which are outside the traditional groups of industrialised "first world" economies and which have altered the global distribution of economic power. The basis of their emergence is a combination of their size and growth rates, and the fact that they lie outside the established centres of global economic power. As such, they have "diversified" the power base of the global economic order. The question which is asked in this paper is whether the phenomenon of the BRICS goes beyond this to mark the start of a possible challenge to the neoliberal orthodoxy which emerged as the globally dominant policy paradigm since the collapse of the Soviet Union. This paper develops and uses a "modes of innovation" approach to explore the potential of the BRICS to constitute a structural rupture in the current globally dominant neoliberal mode of innovation. This question is important since, in the absence of this rupture, the remarkable development trajectory of the BRICS will serve to reinforce the legitimacy of the global orthodoxy. The paper first articulates the modes of innovation concept and then proceeds to locate the BRICS systems of innovation within the current globally dominant mode. On this basis it then provides an appraisal of the possible impact of the BRICS on the evolutionary path of the global system of innovation.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.299-310
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• 1994

Intraspecific clonal interactions have important influences on a population structure of the cellular slime mold (CSM). This study was to investigate whether or not evolutionary change in a population could be induced by clonal competition, and to elucidate how various clones in a population evolve in a homogeneous environment of laboratory culture. The characteristic clones of Polysphondylium pallidum which had different resource consumption rates (RCR) and mating types I and II were selected for study. Investigation was conducted for 4 experimental time interval $(T_0-T_4)$; one experimental time interval took almost 10-14 days from inoculation to havest of fruiting bodies. Two sets of 50 clones were cultured from 50 clones at To, and RCR variations of the population were compared between $(T_0\;and\;T_4)$ for each set of clones. Each clone of the CSM had a diverse resource consumption rate, or growth rate, in a homogeneous and limited Cerophyl agar plate despite the passage of 48-56 generations from the beginning of the experiment. Diverse clones with different growth rate could coexist in one site of the homogeneous agar plate as well as heterogeneous soil microenvironment. When there was high clonal diversity of RCR, a clone in a population had high chances to encounter other clones with resultant increased clonal competition. In one set, 26 of 37 clones of mating type I were changed to mating type Il for the 4 experimental time intervals, which indicated that the rate of competitive exclusion among clones during total experiment from $(T_0\;to\;T_4)$ was 0.703. In another set, 31 of 37 clones of mating type I were changed to mating type II , having the rate of competitive exclusion 0.838. The frequency of each of mat~ng types changed by 0.93-1.29% in each successive generation. The competitive exclusion among clones occurred by 1.26-1.75% when approximately $2.6{\times}10^8$ bacterial cells were provided as food and thereafter one generation of myxamoebae of CSM elapsed at room temperature. This finding implicated that in the vegetative state of P, pallidurn there was 1.26-1.75% probabil~ty of evolutionary change per generation changing from one clone to another clone.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.80-99
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• 2010

A substantial body of theoretical and case study literature exists about the relationship between competition and universal service in developing countries. On the one hand, many scholars have argued that state-owned monopolies in developing countries are not able to mobilize the capital needed for network expansion: the resulting unmet demand for services becomes a motivator for liberalization. On the other hand, the introduction of competition jeopardizes the internal and external subsidies through which the state-owned monopoly kept subscription rates low: the heightened concern about loss of subscribership incentivizes the creation of explicit universal service statutes and funding mechanisms concurrently with or soon after competition is introduced. This paper shows that universal service in Korea had a unique evolutionary path, which did not conform to either of these expectations. From this finding, it reaches the conclusion that the outcomes predicted by theory and observed in the case study literature are not intrinsic to the monopoly condition per se, but derive from the strategic choices made by telecommunications managers, regulators and lawmakers in developing countries.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to understand the evolutionary relationships between fish and other vertebrates which had DNA with the genetic defects in homoglobin expression, with comparison to the nucleotide homologies of the ${\beta}$-globin genes. The predicted amino acid sequence from carp ${\beta}$-globin gene was compared with those of other vertebrates from the published data. The nucleotide homologies of the predicted amino acid sequence from the carp ${\beta}$-globin gene with those of goldfish and mirror carp were high, and the rates were 97.3% and 93.9%, respectively. On the other hand, with the previously reported ${\beta}$-globins of goat, frog, human, rat, goose, chicken, and duck, it showed low homology ranging from 45.9 to 58.1%. The carp ${\beta}$-globin has one inserted amino acid residue, which was also found in other fish ${\beta}$globin, but not in other vertebrate ${\beta}$-globins.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.141-145
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• 2017

We study $CO_2/H_2O$ ice abundance ratios in nearby galaxies using AKARI near-infrared slit spectroscopy. Past studies of the ices intensively examined $CO_2/H_2O$ ratios mainly in our Galaxy, and found that there were considerable variations in the $CO_2/H_2O$ ratios from object to object. The cause of the variations is, however, still under debate. As a result of the analysis of our sample that includes 1031 regions in 158 galaxies, the $CO_2/H_2O$ ratios are in a range of 0.05-0.30. In the dataset, we find that the $CO_2/H_2O$ ratios positively correlate with the $Br{\alpha}/PAH$ $3.3{\mu}m$ ratios which reflect the massive star formation activity. Furthermore, we find that the $CO_2/H_2O$ ratios positively correlate with the specific star formation rates of the galaxies where the ices are detected, that reflect the evolutionary stage of a galaxy. These results suggest that the $CO_2/H_2O$ ratios are enhanced in active star-forming regions and young galaxies.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1010-1017
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• 2007

Two alternative pathways for methionine biosynthesis are known in Corynebacterium glutamicum: one involving transsulfuration (mediated by metB and metC) and the other involving direct sulfhydrylation (mediated by metY). In this study, MetB (cystathionine ${\gamma}-synthase$) and MetY (O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase) from C. glutamicum were purified to homogeneity and the biochemical parameters were compared to assess the functional and evolutionary importance of each pathway. The molecular masses of the native MetB and MetY proteins were measured to be approximately 170 and 280 kDa, respectively, showing that MetB was a homotetramer of 40-kDa subunits and MetY was a homohexamer of 45-kDa subunits. The $K_m$ values for the O-acetylhomoserine catalysis effected by MetB and MetY were 3.9 and 6.4 mM, and the maximum catalysis rates were $7.4\;(k_{cat}=21\;S^{-1})\;and\;6.0\;(k_{cat}=28\;S^{-1})\;{\mu}mol\;mg^{-1}\;min^{-1}$, respectively. This suggests that both MetB and MetY can be comparably active in vivo. Nevertheless, the $K_m$ value for sulfide ions by MetY was 8.6mM, which was too high, considering the physiological condition. Moreover, MetB was active at a broad range of temperatures $(30\;and\;65^{\circ}C)$ and pH (6.5 and 10.0), as compared with MetY, which was active in a range from 30 to $45^{\circ}C$ and at pH values from 7.0 to 8.5. In addition, MetY was inhibited by methionine, but MetB was not. These biochemical data may provide insight on the role of the parallel pathways of methionine biosynthesis in C. glutamicum with regard to cell physiology and evolution.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.331-339
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• 2020

Genetic modifications in noncoding regulatory regions are likely critical to human evolution. Human-accelerated noncoding elements are highly conserved noncoding regions among vertebrates but have large differences across humans, which implies human-specific regulatory potential. In this study, we found that human-accelerated noncoding elements were frequently coupled with DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs), together with monomethylated and trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4, which are active regulatory markers. This coupling was particularly pronounced in fetal brains relative to adult brains, non-brain fetal tissues, and embryonic stem cells. However, fetal brain DHSs were also specifically enriched in deeply conserved sequences, implying coexistence of universal maintenance and human-specific fitness in human brain development. We assessed whether this coexisting pattern was a general one by quantitatively measuring evolutionary rates of DHSs. As a result, fetal brain DHSs showed a mixed but distinct signature of regional conservation and outlier point acceleration as compared to other DHSs. This finding suggests that brain developmental sequences are selectively constrained in general, whereas specific nucleotides are under positive selection or constraint relaxation simultaneously. Hence, we hypothesize that human- or primate-specific changes to universally conserved regulatory codes of brain development may drive the accelerated, and most likely adaptive, evolution of the regulatory network of the human brain.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.1479-1495
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• 2012

Spectrum scarcity seems to be the most challenging issue to be solved in new wireless telecommunication services. It is shown that spectrum unavailability is mainly due to spectrum inefficient utilization and inappropriate physical layer execution rather than spectrum shortage. Daily increasing demand for new wireless services with higher data rate and QoS level makes the upgrade of the physical layer modulation techniques inevitable. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) which utilizes multicarrier modulation to provide higher data rates with the capability of flexible resource allocation, although has widely been used in current wireless systems and standards, seems not to be the best candidate for cognitive radio systems. Filter Bank based Multi-Carrier (FBMC) is an evolutionary scheme with some advantages over the widely-used OFDM multicarrier technique. In this paper, we focus on the total throughput improvement of a cognitive radio network using FBMC modulation. Along with this modulation scheme, we propose a novel uplink radio resource allocation algorithm in which fairness issue is also considered. Moreover, the average throughput of the proposed FBMC based cognitive radio is compared to a conventional OFDM system in order to illustrate the efficiency of using FBMC in future cognitive radio systems. Simulation results show that in comparison with the state of the art two algorithms (namely, Shaat and Wang) our proposed algorithm achieves higher throughputs and a better fairness for cognitive radio applications.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.595-602
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• 2007

This paper proposes a method that discriminates signal peptide and predicts the cleavage site of the secretory proteins cleaved by the signal peptidase I. The preprocessing stage uses hydrophobicity scales of amino acids in order to predict the presence of signal sequence and the cleavage site. The preprocessing enhances the performance of the prediction method by eliminating the non-secretory proteins in the early stage of prediction. for the effective use of support vector machine for the signal sequence prediction, the biologically relevant distance between the amino acid sequences is defined by using the hydrophobicity and substitution matrix; the hydrophobicity can be used to Predict the location of amino acid in a cell and the substitution matrix represents the evolutionary relationships of amino acids. The proposed method showed 98.9% discrimination rates from signal sequences and 88% correct rate of the cleavage site prediction on Swiss-Prot release 50 protein database using the 5-fold-cross-validation. In the comparison tests, the proposed method has performed significantly better than other prediction methods.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.46-60
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• 2022

The genetic variability and population structure of apple mosaic virus (ApMV) have been studied; however, synonymous codon usage patterns influencing the survival rates and fitness of ApMV have not been reported. Based on phylogenetic analyses of 52 ApMV coat protein (CP) sequences obtained from apple, pear, and hazelnut, ApMV isolates were clustered into two groups. High molecular diversity in GII may indicate their recent expansion. A constant and conserved genomic composition of the CP sequences was inferred from the low codon usage bias. Nucleotide composition and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis indicated that the ApMV CP gene is AU-rich, but G- and U-ending codons are favored while coding amino acids. This unequal use of nucleotides together with parity rule 2 and the effective number of codon (ENC) plots indicate that mutation pressure together with natural selection drives codon usage patterns in the CP gene. However, in this combination, selection pressure plays a more crucial role. Based on principal component analysis plots, ApMV seems to have originated from apple trees in Europe. However, according to the relative codon deoptimization index and codon adaptation index (CAI) analyses, ApMV exhibited the greatest fitness to hazelnut. As inferred from the results of the similarity index analysis, hazelnut has a major role in shaping ApMV RSCU patterns, which is consistent with the CAI analysis results. This study contributes to the understanding of plant virus evolution, reveals novel information about ApMV evolutionary fitness, and helps find better ApMV management strategies.