• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
• /
• v.51 no.4
• /
• pp.191-196
• /
• 2018

The self-annealing which leads evolution of microstructure in copper electroplating layers at room temperature occurs after forming deposition layer. During the process, crystal orientation, size and sheet resistance of plating layer change. Lastly, it causes the change of physical and mechanical characteristics such as a tensile strength of plating layer. In this study, the variation of incorporated impurities, microstructure and sheet resistance of copper plating layer formed by electroplating are measured with and without inorganic additives during the self-annealing. In case of absence of inorganic additives, the copper layer presents strong total intensity of incorporated impurities. During the self-annealing, such width of reduction was significant. Moreover, microstructure and crystal size are increased while the tensile strength is decreased noticeably. On the other hand, in the presence of inorganic additives, there is no observable distinction in the copper plating layer. According to the observation on movements of the incorporated impurities in electrodeposition copper layer, within 12 hours the impurities are continuously shifted from inside of the plating layer to its surface after as-deposited electroplating. Within 24 hours, except for the small portion of surface layer, it is considered that most of the microstructure is transformed.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.16 no.5 s.95
• /
• pp.406-411
• /
• 2007

The microstructure and the hardness of interstitial free steel processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was investigated experimentally. ECAP processing of route A and route C was compared with regard to grain refinement by transmission electron micrographs. Micro hardness evolution was correlated with the gram structure produced by ECAP. Especially, the effects of the ECAP processing temperature and the number of processing passes were discussed in terms of grain refinement.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.117-123
• /
• 2008

In this study, optimum processing condition of rolled AZ31 Mg alloy was investigated by utilizing processing map and constitutive equation considering microstructure evolution(dynamic recrystallization) occurring during hot-working. A series of mechanical tests were conducted at various temperatures and strain rates to construct a processing map and to formulate the recrystallization kinetics in terms of grain size. Dynamic recrystallization(DRX) was observed to occur at a domain of $250^{\circ}C$ and 1/s(maximum dissipation-efficiency region). The effect of DRX kinetics on microstructure evolution was implemented in a commercial FEM code followed by remapping of the state variables. The volume fraction and grain size of deformed part were predicted using a modified FEM code and were compared with those of actual hot forged part. A good agreement was observed between the experimented results and predicted ones.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
• /
• 2007.10a
• /
• pp.31-34
• /
• 2007

In this study, optimum processing condition of AZ31 Mg alloy was investigated utilizing processing map and constitutive equation considering microstructure evolution (dynamic recrystallization) during hot-working. A series of mechanical tests were conducted at various temperatures and strain rates to construct a processing map and to formulate the recrystallization kinetics and grain size relation. Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) was observed to occur revealing maximum intensity at a domain of $250^{\circ}C$ and 1/s. The effect of DRX kinetics on microstructure evolution was implemented in a commercial FEM code followed by remapping of the state variables. The volume fraction and grain size of deformed part were predicted using a modified FEM code and compared with those of actual hot forged one. A good agreement was observed between the experimental results and predicted ones.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.43 no.8 s.291
• /
• pp.469-471
• /
• 2006

The effects of $Cr_2O_3$ on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of $Al_2O_3$ polycrystalline were investigated. The microstructure of $Al_2O_3-Cr_2O_3$ composites (ruby) was carefully controlled in order to obtain dense and fine-grained ceramics, thereby improving their properties and reliability with respect to numerous applications related to semiconductor bonding technology. Ruby composites were produced by Ceramic Injection Molding (CIM) technology. Room temperature strength, hardness, Young's modulus and toughness were determined, as well as surface strengthening induced by thermal treatment and production of a fine-grained homogenous microstructure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
• /
• 2001.10a
• /
• pp.138-141
• /
• 2001

The evolution of lectures and microstructure during the warm-rolling and subsequent annealing in aluminum 3004 alloy sheets was investigated by employing X-ray texture measurements and microstructure observations. Whereas the typical $\beta$-fiber orientations with the strong Bs-orientation $\{112\}<110>$ formed in the normally cold-rolled specimen, the warm-rolling at $250^{\circ}C$ led to the development of a strong through thickness texture gradient which was characterized by shear texture at the surface layer and rolling textures at the center layer After warm rolling, ultra-fine grains formed in the thickness layer with shear texture components. Upon recrystallization annealing, the $\{001\}<100>$ Cube-texture developed at the expense of normal rolling texture components the rise to the formation of corase recrystallized grains. However, in the layer with shear texture components the continuous recrystallization took place and the fine grain size persisted even after recrystallization annealing.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2001.06a
• /
• pp.138-143
• /
• 2001

To perform the rigorous integrity evaluation of RPV, it is necessary to consider metallurgical factors such as microstructure evolution during multi-pass welding process and PWHT. The microstructures of the heat affected zone(HAZ) of SA508 steel were predicted by a combination of simulated thermal analysis and a simple kinetic models for austenite grain growth and austenite-ferrite transformation. Phase equilibrium of SA508 steel were calculated using a Thermo-Calc package. Carbide growth in th HAZ were predicted by a empirical model, taking into account the predicted microstructure evolution.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
• /
• v.11 no.6
• /
• pp.519-528
• /
• 2002

The microstructural evolution during the equal channel angular pressing of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was investigated using the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). ECA pressing was carried out isothermally with route C at $600^{\circ}C$ for two types of initial microstructure, i.e., equiaxed and Widmanstatten microstructures. At an initial stage of ECA pressing, the equiaxed microstructure showed more uniform flow than the Widmanstatten microstructure. However, both microstructures were significantly refined revealing nearly equiaxed grains of 0.3$mu extrm{m}$ in diameter with high angle grain boundaries after 4 passes of ECA pressing. These ultrafine gains were found to be stable with little grain growth, when annealed up to $600^{\circ}C$ for 1hr.

• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.246-250
• /
• 1999

The effects of the ${\beta}-Si_3N_4$ starting particle size and $\alpha$/$\beta$ phase transformation during sintering process on the microstructure evolution of Yttrium $\alpha$-Sialon ceramics were investigated. As-received ${\beta}-Si_3N_4$ powder (mean particle size: 0.54$\mu$m) and classified ${\beta}-Si_3N_4$ powder(mean particle size: $0.26\mu{m}$) were used as starting powders. With decreasing the starting particle size, the growth of elongated grains was enhanced, which resulted in the whisker -like microstructure with elongated grains. These results were discussed in relation to the two-dimensional nucleation and growth theory. In the specimen heat treated at $1600^{\circ}C$ for 10h before sintering at $1950^{\circ}C$for 1h under 40atm(2-step sintering), the grain size was smaller than of the 1-step sintering at 195$0^{\circ}C$ for 1h. However, bimodal microstructure evolution were not not remarkable in both sample, which is ascribed to the $\alpha$-phase contents existing in ${\beta}-Si_3N_4$ starting powder.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.11 no.11
• /
• pp.947-952
• /
• 2001

The meso-scale microstructure of the $Ni-Ni_3Al- Ni_3V$ system is crucial to obtain both high strength and high toughness. Its evolution may be predicted with the aid of computer simulation of the compositional separation for heat-treated alloys. In this study, computer simulations of the hypothetical A-B-C ternary system, which is similar to the $Ni-Ni_3Al- Ni_3V$ system in terms of phase equilibria, have been performed using the kinetic modeling. Simulated morphologies were changed with nominal compositions and model parameters. It was showed the current model was useful and the more realistic model was proposed.