• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.53 no.3
• /
• pp.833-841
• /
• 2021

During the postulated severe accident of nuclear reactor, eutectic reaction leads to low-temperature melting of fuel cladding and early failure of core structure. In order to model eutectic melting with the moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method, the eutectic reaction model is developed to simulate the eutectic reaction phenomenon. The coupling of mass diffusion and phase diagram is applied to calculate the eutectic reaction with the uniform temperature. A heat transfer formula is proposed based on the phase diagram to handle the heat release or absorption during the process of eutectic reaction, and it can combine with mass diffusion and phase diagram to describe the eutectic reaction with temperature variation. The heat transfer formula is verified by the one-dimensional melting simulations and the predicted interface position agrees well with the theoretical solution. In order to verify the eutectic reaction models, the eutectic reaction of uranium and iron in two semi-infinite domains is simulated, and the profile of solid thickness decrease over time follows the parabolic law. The modified MPS method is applied to calculate Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT) experiment, the penetration rate in the simulations are agreeable with the experiment results. In addition, a hypothetical case based on the TREAT experiment is also conducted to validate the eutectic reaction with temperature variation, the results present continuity with the simulations of TREAT experiment. Thus the improved method is proved to be capable of simulating the eutectic reaction in the severe accident.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.55 no.10
• /
• pp.3535-3542
• /
• 2023

Eutectic reactions of five kinds of Cr-coated Zr alloy cladding with different base materials (Zr-Nb-Sn alloy or Zr-Nb alloy), different coating thicknesses (6~22.5 mm), and different coating materials (Cr single layer or Cr/CrN bilayer) were studied using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The DSC experiments demonstrated that the onset temperatures of the Cr single layer coated specimens were almost identical to ~1308 ℃, regardless of base materials or coating thicknesses. This study demonstrated that the Cr/CrN bilayer coated Zr-Nb-Sn alloy has a slightly (~10 ℃) higher eutectic onset temperature compared to the single Cr-coated specimen. The eutectic region characterized by post-eutectic microstructure proportionally increases with coating thickness. The post-eutectic characterization with different holding times at high temperature (1310-1330 ℃) reveals that progression of Zr-Cr eutectic requires time, and it dramatically changed with exposure time and temperature. The practical value of the time gain in non-instantaneous eutectic formation in terms of safety margin, however, seems to be limited.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.392-398
• /
• 2020

Producing solar grade silicon using an inexpensive method is a key factor in lowering silicon solar cell costs; the direct electrochemical reduction of SiO₂ in molten salt is one of the more promising candidates for manufacturing this silicon. In this study, SiO₂ granules were electrochemically reduced in molten CaCl₂ (850℃) using Ag-Si eutectic droplets that catalyze electrochemical reduction and purify the Si product. When Ag is used as the working electrode, the Ag-Si eutectic mixture is formed naturally during SiO₂ reduction. However, since the Ag-Si eutectic droplets are liquid at 850℃, they are easily lost during the reduction process. To minimize the loss of liquid Ag-Si eutectic droplets, a cylindrical graphite container working electrode was introduced and Ag was added separately to the working electrode along with the SiO₂ granules. The graphite container working electrode successfully prevented the loss of the Ag-Si eutectic droplets during reduction. As a result, the Ag-Si eutectic droplets acted as stable catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of SiO₂, thereby producing one-dimensional Si rods through a mechanism similar to that of vapor-liquid-solid growth.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
• /
• 2006.09b
• /
• pp.859-860
• /
• 2006

TiC-$TiB_2$-SiC system was a ternary eutectic, whose eutectic composition was 34TiC-$22TiB_2$-44SiC (mol%). TiC-$TiB_2$-SiC ternary eutectic composite were synthesized by a floating zone method using TiC, $TiB_2$ and SiC powders as starting materials. The TiC-$TiB_2$-SiC eutectic composite showed a lamellar texture. TiC(022), $TiB_2(010)$ and SiC(111) of the eutectic composite were perpendicular to the growth direction. TiC-$TiB_2$-SiC ternary eutectic composite had specific relationship among the crystal planes: TiC[011]//$TiB_2[010]$//SiC[112], TiC(200)//$TiB_2$(001)//SiC(402) and $TiC(1\bar{1}1)$//$TiB_2(101)$//SiC(220).

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.13-21
• /
• 2013

The effects of rare earth element (R.E.) and cooling rate on the eutectic reaction of flake graphite cast irons were studied by combined analysis of macro/micro-structure and cooling curve data. The correlation between eutectic reaction parameter and macro/micro-structure was systematically investigated. Two sets of chemical compositions with the different addition of R.E. were designed to cast. Three types of molds for cylindrical specimens with the different diameters were prepared to analyze cooling rate effect. The difference between undercooling temperature and cementite eutectic temperature (${\Delta}T_1=T_{U}-T_{E,C}$), which is increased by adding R.E. and decreased by increasing cooling rate, is considered to be a suitable eutectic reaction parameter for predicting graphite morphology. According to the criterion, A-type graphite is mainly suggested to form for ${\Delta}T_1$ over $20^{\circ}C$. Eutectic reaction time (${\Delta}t$), which is decreased by adding R.E. or increasing cooling rate, is a suitable eutectic reaction parameter for predicting eutectic cell size. Eutectic cell size is found to decrease in a proportion to the decrease of ${\Delta}t$.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.162-170
• /
• 2013

The effects of Mn content and cooling rate on the eutectic reaction of flake graphite cast irons were studied by a combined analysis of macro/micro-structure and cooling curve data. The correlation between the eutectic reaction parameter and macro/microstructure was systematically investigated. Two sets of chemical compositions with different Mn contents were designed to cast. Three types of molds for cylindrical specimens with different diameters were prepared to analyze the cooling rate effect. The difference between undercooling temperature and cementite eutectic temperature (${\Delta}T_1=T_U-T_{E,C}$), which is decreased by increasing the Mn content or increasing the cooling rate, is considered to be a suitable eutectic reaction parameter for predicting graphite morphology. According to the criterion, A-type graphite is mainly suggested to form for ${\Delta}T_1$ over $20^{\circ}C$, and D-type graphite is mainly suggested to form for ${\Delta}T_1$ below $0^{\circ}C$. Eutectic reaction time (${\Delta}T$), which is increased by increasing the Mn content and decreased by increasing the cooling rate, is regarded as a suitable eutectic reaction parameter for predicting eutectic cell size. Eutectic cell size is found to decrease in proportion to the decrease of ${\Delta}T$.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.59-66
• /
• 2000

To investigate the optimum brazing condition, variation of bonded structure and mechanical properties of novel brazed pure Al with bonding condition (brazing temperature, time and Si/flux ratio) was studied. A basic study of the bonding mechanism was also examined. The optimum brazing condition was obtained at $590^{\circ}$ for 2 minutes and the bonded structure showed that it is composed of almost entirely eutectic Al-Si with near eutectic composition. At higher brazing temperature $630^{\circ}$, hypoeutectic Al-Si structure was observed in the bonded area and resulted in erosion of base metal. The thickness of eutectic layer formed in optimum brazing temperature increased linearly with the square root of time, showing a general diffusion controlled process. The ultimate tensile strength of bonded joint brazed at an optimum brazing condition was about 60% of base metal and its fracture surface showed a brittle mode.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
• /
• v.11 no.6
• /
• pp.249-252
• /
• 2010

The ground amorphous powder was consolidated into a dense sintered body with a typical ultrafine $Al_2O_3-GdAlO_3$ eutectic structure by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Sintered material with ultrafine and dense eutectic structure was obtained by an appropriate combination of rapid quenching and SPS at lower temperature and more quickly than by conventional sintering. The $Al_2O_3$-based rare earth eutectic ceramics for solar cell emitters are believed to have a higher efficiency and the $Al_2O_3$ based eutectic ceramics with ultrafine grains will be one of the promising materials showing excellent selective emitter characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.56 no.4
• /
• pp.331-339
• /
• 2019

While high-temperature ceramic composites consisting of carbides, borides, and nitrides, the so-called ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs), have been commonly produced through solid-state sintering, melt-solidification is an alternative method for their manufacture. As many UHTCs are binary or ternary eutectic systems, they can be melted and solidified at a relatively low temperature via a eutectic reaction. The microstructure of the eutectic composites is typically rod-like or lamellar, as determined by the volume fraction of the second phase. Directional solidification can help fabricate more sophisticated UHTCs with highly aligned textures. This review describes the fabrication of UHTCs through the eutectic reaction and explains their mechanical properties. The use of melt-solidification has been limited to small specimens; however, the recently developed laser technology can melt large-sized UHTCs, suggesting their potential for practical applications. An example of laser melt-solidification of a eutectic ceramic composite is demonstrated.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.338-345
• /
• 1999

The objective of this study is to developed the refrigeration vehicle system installed eutectic olu-tion plates which consists of copper tubes carrying the refrigerant between two aluminum plates and the space between the plates filled with eutectic solution. The numerical analysis for the loca-tion of plates to get the uniform low temperature distribution in storage space was carried out and the result showed that the top left-side and right-side walls were the proper places to install plates. For three different concentrations of ethylene glycol solution the temperature distribution of inside space were measured during the day time of summer and the 21% solution was found to be properto sustain the temperature of $5-10^{\circ}C$ for milk transportation. The result showed that the refrigeration truck installed eutectic plates was very efficient to keep the milk fresh during vehicle transportation.