• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.272-288
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• 2000

Calcium hydroxide is used as a root canal medicament with its several pharmacological effects. However, it has been known that the usage of calcium hydroxide in the root canal system before canal filling with gutta-percha and zinc oxide eugenol-based cement induced change in the properties of root canal cement which might adversely affect sealing ability of the canal filling. The purpose of this study was to identify the reactivity of calcium hydroxide-eugenol compound made from chemical interaction of between calcium hydroxide and zinc oxide eugenol. Chemical properties of calcium hydroxide, eugenol, zinc oxide eugenol, calcium hydroxide-eugenol and calcium hydroxide-zinc oxide eugenol compound were analyzed using XRD. FT-IR Spectrophotometer and FT-NMR Spectrometer. The results were as follows: 1. The compound made from interaction between calcium hydroxide and zinc oxide eugenol was as follows : 2. Calcium hydroxide was shown to make chemical bond (ionic bond) with eugenol. 3. Since bonding between $Ca^{2+}$ and eugenol is simple ionic nature, under water existence, calcium hydroxide-eugenol compound may be ionized easily and its physical property be deteriorated.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.571-574
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• 1997

We have synthesized acetylsalicylic acid derivative of eugenol. And also, physico-chemical properties and analysis on this compound were examined. The correlation coefficient of the calibration curve in methanol solution was 0.9998. The hair growth stimulation of eugenol derivative on the hair of black mouse (C57BL/6), was also carried out using Implant method. When its ethanol solution was administered to the black mouse by route of skin, eugenol derivative promoted the growth of hair.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 1981

The purpose of this study is to determine the antibacterial effect of Dilute Formocresol and Eugenol and Propylene glycol. The experimental drugs are Formocresol in Propylene glycol (5, 10, 20%) and Eugenol in Propylene glycol (50, 75, 100%) and Propylene glycol. The organisms selected for study were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis which are found in infected root canals and are highly resistant to antiseptics. Isolated bacteria were inoculated on blood agar plate and the plates were incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ for 18 hours and the zones of inhibition then measured. The results were as follows ; 1. The antibacterial action of Formocresol was effective even at 5-10 percent and the action increased when higher concentration was used. 2. The antibacterial action of Eugenol was not effective and the action decreased when higher concentration was used. 3. Propylene glycol itself possessed some antibacterial properties and showed that the antibacterial action of Propylene glycol might be almost the same as that of Eugenol. 4. Among the experimental organisms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be the most resistant to all the experimental drugs.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.550-560
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• 2000

In this study, shear bond strength of two bonding systems were measured and appearance of dentin surfaces were observed with SEM according to the storage time of eugenol on dentin surface, thus evaluated the effect of eugenol on bond strength of two dentin bonding systems. Control groups were directly bonded to dentin surface with One Step, Prime & Bond 2.1. Experimental groups were divided into experimental I and II according to dentin bonding agents. After eugenol application, dentin surfaces were bonded with One Step and Prime & Bond 2.1 according to the each storage time of immediately, 3min, 24hour, 48hour and 1week, and then control and experimental groups were filled with light cured composite resin(Z-100). After 24 hours water storage at $37^{\circ}C$, all samples were subjected to a shear load to fracture at a cross head 1.0mm/min with Instron universal testing machine(No. 4467). Etched dentin surface storaged for each time of immediately, 3min, 24hour, 48hour and 1 week after eugenol application were observed under Scanning Electron Microscope(Hitachi S-2300) at 20kvp. The data were evaluated statistically with two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD. The results were as follows; 1. Shear bond strengths were higher in control groups than in the experimental groups. 2. As storage time was increased after eugenol application, the shear bond strengths were decreased in experimental groups. 3. In experimental I, II the shear bond strengths were the lowest in which storage time was 1 week after eugenol application. 4. As storage time was increased after eugenol application, etched dentin surfaces showed obstructed dentinal tubule.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.315-321
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• 2008

Eugenol is widely used in dentistry to relieve pain. We have recently demonstrated voltage-gated $Na^+$ and $Ca^{2+}$ channels as molecular targets for its analgesic effects, and hypothesized that eugenol acts on $P2X_3$, another pain receptor expressed in trigeminal ganglion (TG), and tested the effects of eugenol by whole-cell patch clamp and $Ca^{2+}$ imaging techniques. In the present study, we investigated whether eugenol would modulate 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-induced currents in rat TG neurons and $P2X_3$-expressing human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. ATP-induced currents in TG neurons exhibited electrophysiological properties similar to those in HEK293 cells, and both ATP- and $\alpha$, $\beta$-meATP-induced currents in TG neurons were effectively blocked by TNP-ATP, suggesting that $P2X_3$ mediates the majority of ATP-induced currents in TG neurons. Eugenol inhibited ATP-induced currents in both capsaicin-sensitive and capsaicin-insensitive TG neurons with similar extent, and most ATP-responsive neurons were IB4-positive. Eugenol inhibited not only $Ca^{2+}$ transients evoked by $\alpha$, $\beta$-meATP, the selective $P2X_3$ agonist, in capsaicin-insensitive TG neurons, but also ATP-induced currents in $P2X_3$-expressing HEK293 cells without co-expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). We suggest, therefore, that eugenol inhibits $P2X_3$ currents in a TRPV1-independent manner, which contributes to its analgesic effect.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.1178-1183
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• 2012

A 5-wk trial with 96 ($(Landrace{\times}Yorkshire){\times}Duroc$) pigs ($BW=26.56{\pm}0.42kg$) was conducted to investigate the effect of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde as feed additive in growing pigs. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a randomized complete block design according to their sex and BW. Each treatment contained 8 replications with 4 pigs (2 gilts and 2 barrows) per pen. Treatments included: control (basal diet; CON); (basal diet+1,000 mg eugenol/kg; ET); (basal diet+1,000 mg cinnamaldehyde/kg; CT). Administration of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde did not did not affect (p>0.05) the growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility. Dietary CT and ET led to a higher (p<0.05) lymphocyte concentration compared with CON. The inclusion of CT and ET decreased (p<0.05) the fecal E. coli concentration (p>0.05). Pigs fed the diets supplemented with eugenol and cinnamaldehyde had reduced (p<0.05) $NH_3$ and $H_2S$ concentration throughout the experiment. In conclusion, results obtained in the present study indicated that supplementation of eugenol and cinamaldehyde had no effect on growth performance of pigs but exhibited lymphocyte-enhancing activity and decreased the fecal E. coli concentration and fecal noxious gas content ($NH_3$ and $H_2S$).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.475-482
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• 2014

The metabolic pathway of eugenol degradation by thermophilic Geobacillus sp. AY 946034 strain was analyzed based on the lack of data about eugenol degradation by thermophiles. TLC, GC-MS, and biotransformation with resting cells showed that eugenol was oxidized through coniferyl alcohol, and ferulic and vanillic acids to protocatechuic acid before the aromatic ring was cleaved. The cell-free extract of Geobacillus sp. AY 946034 strain grown on eugenol showed a high activity of eugenol hydroxylase, feruloyl-CoA synthetase, vanillate-O-demethylase, and protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase. The key enzyme, protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase, which plays a crucial role in the degradation of various aromatic compounds, was purified 135-fold to homogeneity with a 34% overall recovery from Geobacillus sp. AY 946034. The relative molecular mass of the native enzyme was about $450{\pm}10$ kDa and was composed of the non-identical subunits. The pH and temperature optima for enzyme activity were 8 and $60^{\circ}C$, respectively. The half-life of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase at the optimum temperature was 50 min.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.147-160
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• 2011

Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is a natural phenolic constituent extensively used in dentistry as a component of zinc oxide eugenol cement and is applied to the mouth environment. Chios gum mastic (CGM) is a resinous exudate obtained from the stem and the main leaves of Pistacia lenticulus tree native to Mediterranean areas. This study was undertaken to investigate the synergistic apoptotic effect of co-treatment with a natural product, CGM and natural phenolic compound, eugenol on SCC25 human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line. To investigate whether the co-treatment with eugenol and CGM compared to each single treatment efficiently reduces the viability of SCC25 cells, MTT assay was conducted. Induction and augmentation of apoptosis were confirmed by Hoechst staining, TUNEL staining and DNA hypoploidy. Westen blot analysis and immunofluorescent staining were performed to study the alterations of the expression level and the translocation of apoptosis-related proteins in co-treatment. In this study, co-treatment of with eugenol and CGM on SCC25 cells showed several lines of apoptotic manifestation such as nuclear condensations, DNA fragmentation, the increase and decrease of Bax and Bcl-2, decrease of DNA content, the release of cytochrome c into cytosol, translocation of AIF and DFF40 (CAD) onto nuclei, and activation of caspase-3, caspase-6 caspase-7, caspase-9, PARP, Lamin A/C and DFF45 (ICAD) whereas each single treated SCC25 cells did not show or very slightly these patterns. Although the single treatment of 40 ${\mu}g$/ml CGM and 0.5 mM eugenol for 24 h did not induce apoptosis, the co-treatment of these reagents prominently induced apoptosis. Therefore our data provide the possibility that combination therapy with CGM and eugenol could be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy for human oral squamous cell carcinoma.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.236-241
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to find an environment friendly method of ginseng storage disease control using a natural plant extract. Essential oil was evaluated in terms of its antifungal ability against a variety of ginseng storage pathogens, and a variety of essential oils was conducted in order to assess the possibility of applying them as a component of a disease control strategy. Direct treatment with essential oil was demonstrated to exert a ginseng storage control effect. Methyl eugenol and thymol were shown to exert a mycelial growth inhibition effect of 80% on PDA media, using a paper disc containing 200 ppm of essential oil against Botrytis cinerea. The application of direct methyl eugenol treatment to ginseng resulted in a profound control effect. Both spray and dipping treatment of each methyl eugenol as well as thymol, evidenced a disease develoment of 10-20% as compared with the over 80% observed from all non-treated packages. Methyl eugenol in the large packages resulted in a disease index of 0.60 in the two essential oil treatments and also a small diseased area, as compared with the disease index of 1.65 and the wide diseased area observed in the non-treatment groups. Treatment with a mixture (methyl eugenol + thymol) in the synergistic effect test resulted in a relatively wide diseased area, as no discernable synergistic effect was detected. Methyl eugenol and thymol can be utilized as control agents in an environmentally friendly ginseng storage treatment, owing to the avirulent and clear effects detected in this study. In particular, ginseng must be ingested when fresh, and this is why a product for the control of ginseng storage diseases is so necessary.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.407-420
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• 2000

삼차신경절의 뉴런이 구강악안면영역에서의 촉각, 입각, 온도각 및 통각 등 다양한 감각을 중추신경계로 전달하는 역할을 하는 것은 주지의 사실이다. 이러한 신경전달에 있어서 이온통로는 감각정보를 전달하는데 핵심적인 역할을 수행하며 특히 소디움 통로는 활동전위의 발생에 중요하다. 소디움 통로는 tetrodotoxin-sensitive(TTX-s) 및 tetrodotoxin-resistant(TTX-r) 통로로 나누어지는 데 이 중 TTX-r 통로에 발생되는 tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium current(TTX-r $I_{Na}$)는 capsaicin에 민감한 일차구심신경세포에서 유해자극에 의해 통각신호를 발생시키고 전달하는데 중요하다. 또한 칼슘 통로는 시냅스 전도에 있어서 필수적인 역할을 수행하고 있다 한편 치과영역에서 치수의 진정 목적으로 eugenol이 흔히 사용되고 있다. 그러나 eugenol의 그 작용 기전에 대해서 현재까지 이온 통로에 대한 상세한 결과가 없는 실정이며 최근의 보고에 의하면 eugenol이 capsaicin 수용기를 통하여 감각신경에 대한 억제작용을 나타낸다고 한다. 따라서 본 실험은 eugenol과 capsaicin이 흰쥐의 삼차신경절의 TTX-r $I_{Na}$와 칼슘통로에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 알아보고 eugenol이 capsaicin 수용기를 통하여 작용하는지를 검증하고자 시행되었다. 삼차신경절 뉴런은 100~150g의 흰쥐의 삼차신경절로부터 외과적으로 절제하여 통법의 화학적 및 기계적 처리를 통해 단일세포로 분리하였고 이를 whole-cell patch clamp 방법을 이용하여 시행한 바 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 1mM의 dugenol은 흰쥐 삼차신경절 뉴런의 TTX-r $I_{Na}$와 HVA $I_{Ca}$를 억제하였다. 2. $1{\mu}m$의 capsaicin은 흰쥐 삼차신경절 뉴런의 TTX-r $I_{Na}$와 HVA $I_{Ca}$를 억제하였다. 3. Capsazepine은 capsaicin의 HVA $I_{Ca}$에 대한 억제작용을 차단하였다. 4. Capsazepine은 capsaicin의 HVA $I_{Ca}$에 대한 억제작용을 차단하지 못하였다. 결론적으로 eugenol과 capsaicin은 tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium current(TTX-r $I_{Na}$)와 high voltage-activated calcium current(HVA $I_{Ca}$)를 모두 억제하는 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 작용이 통각의 발생과 시냅스 전달과정을 차단하여 치수 진정 목적으로 많이 사용하는 eugenol의 작용기전으로 판단된다. 한편 capsaicin의 길항제인 capsazepine을 전처치하였을 때에도 eugenol의 HVA $I_{Ca}$에 대한 억제효과는 변화가 없었다. 이와같은 결과로 보아 HVA $I_{Ca}$에 관한 한 eugenol은 capsaicin 수용기를 통하여 나타나지 않는 것으로 사료된다.