• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 1999

In recent years increasing production and disposal of wastewater have caused an accelerated eutrophication of receiving waters. Therefore, in order to alleviate the detrimental impact of wastewater discharge, there is an increasing demand for removing the main nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as the organic content of the waste water prior to disposal. This is effectively achieved by extended conventional treatment technology. However, the working expenses and energy requirements of such advanced treatment systems are rather high. So in a sparsely populated rural community is required development of wastewater treatment system combined with the regional characteristics. In this study, the systems are planted with Reeds and Amaryllis In A.C and estimated purification potential of system. The results obtained are as follows. BOD removal rate is 20% in the early stage, the last removal rate is 35% in A.C process and is 65% in Amaryllis+A.C process and is 50% in Reed+A.C process. T-N removal rate by Amaryllis is average 2.6g/$m^3$ㆍd, T-N removal rate by Reed is average 1.76g/$m^3$ㆍd. T-P removal rate by Amaryllis is average 0.27g/$m^3$ㆍd, T-P removal rate by Reed is average 0.25g/$m^3$ㆍd. BOD removal rate constant with retention time is 1.4494(1/d), T-N removal rate constant is 0.5428(1/d), T-P removal rate constant is 0.5287(1/d).

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2009

기존의 교량받침으로 많이 사용되고 있는 폴리우레탄 디스크를 적용한 POT형식에 C형 강재감쇠장치를 추가적으로 적용한 새로운 형태의 지진격리장치에 대한 명확한 정적 성능검증과 동적특성을 파악하기 위하여 최대 극한 수직하중 시험, 최대 회전 시험, 동적재하 시험 및 동적재하 극한 반복시험을 시행하였다. 해석적 결과와 성능시험 결과를 비교분석한 결과, 충분한 감쇠능력을 보유하고있을 뿐만 아니라, 설계기준에도 적합하다는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 또한, EDC 및 유효강성값의 시험치가 이론치와 유사하여 시험 결과값의 분석이 유효함을 보였다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.240-250
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the consumption of coffee beverages and energy contribution ratios of coffee beverages and accompanying snacks by college students in Deajeon City and Chungnam Province in Korea. Questionnaire survey, dietary survey, and snack survey using food record method during 3-days were carried out. As a result, we found that 86.9% of male students and 75.6% of female students consumed coffee beverages usually, with no differences between the two groups. However, the frequency of coffee beverages consumed by female students out-numbered that of male students by 1 cup a day to 1-2 cups a week (p<0.05). Furthermore, male students most likely consumed coffee beverages at schools or academies, but female students consumed them at coffee shops (p<0.01). The reasons male students gave to consume coffee beverages were for scent, taste, fatigue, and to stay awake. Similarly, the reasons female students gave to consume coffee beverages were for scent, taste, habit, and to stay awake (p<0.01). Fully 58.1% of male students and 80.0% of female students ate snacks along with coffee beverages (p<0.01). Most male students substituted a coffee beverage and accompanying snack for a regular meal once a month. Female students were doing it at most 2-3 times a month (p<0.05). The mean daily dietary energy intake of male students was 1,924 kcal/d, and of female students was 1,518 kcal/d (p<0.001), which both were below the estimated energy requirements. Male students obtained 285.6 kcal/d and female students obtained 289.5 kcal/d from coffee beverages and accompanying snacks. There was a significant different in dietary intake of energy (p<0.05), calcium, and iron (p<0.001) for each ratio of reference intake between male and female students. The students who ate larger amounts of coffee beverages and accompanying snacks consumed less dietary energy, protein, calcium, and iron, respectively (p<0.05). These results show that many students consume coffee beverages regularly and obtain large amounts of energy from coffee beverages and accompanying snacks. It also shows that student's dietary nutrient intake tends to be poorer, as he or she obtains more energy from coffee beverages and accompanying snacks. Therefore, it is critical to monitor the influence of consumption of coffee beverages and accompanying snacks on the dietary nutrient intakes and health of college students, and to provide nutrition education about the proper consumption of coffee beverages and accompanying snacks based on scientific evidence.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.95-105
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 큰 느타리버섯 재배사의 에너지 이용효율과 소요에너지 산정에 대한 기초 자료를 얻기 위하여 기존에 제시한 재배사모형(영구형 단동 및 연동과 반영구형 단동)들을 대상으로 열수지 시뮬레이션을 실시하였다. 또한 재배사의 단열재 및 피복재의 열전달 저항치를 산정한 후, 재배사의 냉$\cdot$난방 부하량을 추정하였다. 진주지방의 경우, 큰 느타리버섯 재배사의 냉$\cdot$난방 D-H 증감현상은 실내 설정온도의 변화에 따라 거의 직선적인 변화를 보였으며, 변화의 정도는 냉방 D-U가 난방 D-H에 비해 훨씬 예민하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 설정온도는 물론 실내 유지온도의 제어 양상에 따라 소요 에너지의 변화를 예측할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 앞으로 개발될 버섯 재배사의 환경모형 시뮬레이션 검정과 에너지 소요량 추정에도 산정 된 D-H가 유익하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다. 그리고 동일한 재배공간 확보를 전제로 할 경우, 다중 피복의 반영구형 재배사에 비해 다양한 두께 및 재질로 생산되고 있는 영구형 재배사가 단열성능 면에서 현저히 유리하였다 단동 대비 연동구조의 에너지 효율, 단열 정도에 따른 에너지 소요량의 변화를 쉽게 가늠할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 주어진 지역과 주요 표면의 단열 정도와 표면상태 등에 따라 계절별 또는 재배 주기별 소요 에너지를 예측함으로서 재배사의 구조 및 환경적 최적화를 꾀할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2004년도 제22회 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.848-853
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• 2004

Regarding to the project SUAV (Smart Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) in KARI (Korea Aerospace Research Institute), several engine configurations has been evaluated. However it's not an easy task to collect all the necessary data of each engine for the analysis. Usually, some kind of modeling technique is required in order to determine the unknown data. In the present paper a qualitative method for reverse engineering is proposed, in order to identify some design patterns and relationships between parameters. The method can be used to estimate several parameters that usually are not provided by the manufacturer. The method consists of modeling an existing engine and through a simulation, compare its transient behavior with its operating envelope. In the simulation several parameters such as thermodynamics, performance, safety and mechanics concerning to the definition of operation-envelope, have been discussed qualitatively. With the model, all engine parameters can be estimated with acceptable accuracy, making possible the study of dependencies among different parameters such as power-turbine total inertia, TIT, take-off time and part load, in order to check if the engine transient performance is within the design criteria. For more realistic approach and more detailed design requirements, it will be necessary to enhance the compressor map first, and more realistic estimated values must be taken into account for intake-loss, bleed-air and auxiliary power extraction. The relative importance of these “unknown” parameters must be evaluated using sensitivity analysis in the future evaluation. Moreover, fluid dynamics, thermal analysis and stress analysis necessary for the resulting life assessment of en engine, will not be addressed here but in a future paper. With the methodology presented in the paper was possible to infer the relationships between operation-envelope and engine parameters.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.1003-1009
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• 2000

Four young swamp buffalo cows of similar age ranging in body weight (W) between 280 to 380 kg and trained for doing physical exercise were used in two consecutive experiments, each using a latin square design, to determine energy expenditure for draught. The experiments consisted of field trials using 4 levels of work load, i.e. no work as control and loads amounting 450 to 500 Newton (N) continuous traction for respectively 1, 2 and 3 h daily for 14 consecutive days for experiment 1, and no work, traction loads equaling 5, 10 and 15% of W for 3 h daily for 14 days for experiment 2. Heart rate during rest and exercise was monitored using PE-3000 HR monitor. Cows were fed only king grass (Penisetum purpuroides) ad libitum and were subjected to balance trials. Body composition was estimated in vivo by the body density method and daily energy expenditure (EE) was calculated from ME minus RE. RE was calculated from the changes in body-protein and -fat measured before and immediately after the 14 d experimental period assuming an energy equivalent of 39.32 MJ/kg fat and 20.07 MJ/kg protein. $E_{exercise}$ ($EE_{work}\;-\;EE_{resting}$), which was the energy spent for doing the traction during 1, 2 and 3 h was 7.13, 15.45 and 19.90 MJ, respectively. $EE_{work}$ for the 1 h treatment group was 39.75 MJ/d equivalent to 1.30 times $EE_{resting}$. The values for the 2 and 3 h treatment groups were 1.75 and 1.86 times resting energy requirement, respectively. Absolute efficiency of work in all exercise trials of experiment 2 was around 27.28%. The increases of daily $E_{exercise}$ values were correlated to elevation of heart rate (HR) according to the equation $E_{exercise}=(0.270HR^{0.363}\;-\;1)$ MJ, while draught force related to heart rate according to the equation DF (N)=6.66 HR - 361.62. Blood glucose and triglyceride levels were gradually elevated with time during the course of exercise. Mean values of blood glucose were 91.7, 115.0 and 116.2 mg/dl for cows after 1, 2 and 3 h pulling loads at 15% W respectively as compared to 88.2 mg/dl prior to work. In the same order and treatment, mean blood triglyceride concentrations were 13.5, 13.3 and 14.8 mg/dl, and 11.5 mg/dl for control. For blood lactate, the values were 1.68, 1.63 and 1.66 mM, and 0.80 mM for control. Glucose was used as the major source of energy during the initial phase of exercise, but for prolonged work, fat will replace carbohydrate as the main substrate. Accumulation of lactate persisted for some time at the end of the exercise trials.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.209-216
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• 2014

The present study was conducted to estimate the NE values of corn, dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and wheat bran (WB) for laying hens based on an indirect calorimetry method and nitrogen balance measurements. A total of 576 twenty-eight-wk-old Dwarf Pink-shell laying hens were randomly assigned to four groups fed a basal diet (BD) or a combination of BD with 50% corn or 20% DDGS or 20% WB, with four replicates each. After a 7-d adaptation period, each replicate with 36 hens were kept in one of the two respiration chambers to measure the heat production (HP) for 6 days during the feeding period and subsequent 3-d fasting. The equilibrium fasting HP (FHP) provided an estimate of NE requirements for maintenance (NEm). The NE values of test feedstuffs was estimated using the difference method. Results showed that the heat increment that contributed 35.34 to 37.85% of ME intake was not influenced by experimental diets (p>0.05) when expressed as Mcal/kg of DM feed intake. Lighting increased the HP in hens in an fed-state. The FHP decreased over time (p<0.05) with the lowest value determined on the third day of starvation. No significant difference between treatments was found on FHP of d 3 (p>0.05). The estimated AME, AMEn, and NE values were 3.46, 3.44 and 2.25 Mcal/kg DM for corn, 3.11, 2.79, and 1.80 Mcal/kg DM for DDGS, 2.14, 2.10, and 1.14 Mcal/kg DM for WB, respectively. The net availability of AME of corn tended to be numerically higher than DDGS and WB (p = 0.096). In conclusion, compared with corn, the energy values of DDGS and WB were overestimated when expressed on an AME basis.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권6호
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• pp.515-521
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the diet of children under the government-funded meal support program. The 143 children (67 boys and 76 girls) participated in this study among $4^{th}-6^{th}$ elementary school students receiving free lunches during the summer vacation of 2007 and living in Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea. The subjects consisted of four groups supported by Meal Box Delivery (n = 26), Institutional Foodservice (n = 53), Restaurant Foodservice (n = 27), or Food Delivery (n = 37). A three-day 24-hour dietary recall and a self-administered survey were conducted. In addition, the children's heights and weights were measured. The average energy intake of the children was 1,400 kcal per day, much lower than the Estimated Energy Requirements of the pertinent age groups. The results also showed inadequate intake of all examined nutrients; of particular concern was the extremely low intake of calcium. On average, the children consumed eight dishes and 25 food items per day. The children supported by Meal Box Delivery consumed more various dishes and food items than the other groups. The percentage of children preferring their current meal support method was the highest in those supported by Meal Box Delivery and the lowest in those supported by Food Delivery. We requested 15 children among the 143 children participating in the survey to draw the scene of their lunch time. The drawings of the children supported by Institutional Foodservice showed more positive scenes than the other groups, especially in terms of human aspects. In conclusion, the overall diet of children under the government-funded meal support program was nutritionally inadequate, although the magnitude of the problems tended to differ by the meal support method. The results could be utilized as basic data for policy and programs regarding the government-funded meal support program for children from low-income families.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1048-1057
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• 1994

Nonobese NIDDM patients were studied were studied with respect to changes in visceral protein status, serum glucose and lipids and insulin secretion capacity before and after intake of enteral formula. Patients with renal or hepatic disease, gastrectomy, malabsorption, weight gain over past 6 months and poorly controlled blood glucose level were excluded. Eighteen patients served as case and administered, in addition of their usual diet, 400ml of enteral formula for 8 weeks. Another 18 patients participated in controls and had usual food intake for 8 weeks. In the begining, the levels of fasting and postprandial glucose, glycated hemoglobin, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, albumin, total protein and transferrin and glucose response area on oral glucose tolerance test were not different between two groups. The response areas of insulin, C-peptide and free fatty acid and serum IGF-1 level were higher in the case than in the control group. Energy intake of patients given enteral formula exceeded their estimated energy requirements(108%) and they consumed a mean of 112g protein per day. Patients given enteral formula showed an increase in body weight(4.4%), serum transferrin(10%), IGF-1(13%) and triglyceride(34%) while controls showed no changes in those parameters at 8 weeks compared to initial values. There were no significant changes after 8 weeks in the levels of glucose, glycated hemoglobin, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, total protein and albumin and response areas of glucose, insulin, C-peptide and free fatty acid in both groups compared to initial values. This study suggests that nutrition supplement with enteral formula can increase body weight and visceral protein status in nonobese NIDDM patients without changes in blood glucose. However, excessive calorie intake could temporarily increase serum triglyceride. In addition, this study indicates that serum transferrin and IGF-1 are more sensitive indicators to changes of protein intake than serum albumin and total protein.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.159-169
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate Korean food adaption, eating behavior and dietary intakes of married female immigrants by age, number of residence years in Korea and level of income. The survey included 67 female marriage immigrants attending the Korean language class at the multicultural family support center within the northern part of Kyonggi province from October 2010 to July 2011. General characteristics, Korean dietary life adaptation, and eating behavior were collected and dietary intakes were assessed using 24-hour recall. The home countries with regards to all subjects were Vietnam (40.3%), China (23.9%), Japan (11.9%), Philippines (7.0%), and Mongolia (3.0%). Total energy intake was 1432.5kcal and there were significant differences in nutritional intake concerning vitamin B1 and vitamin B2 by age (p < 0.05). More than 50% of subjects did not meet estimated average requirements for calcium (56.7%), zinc (52.2%), vitamin C (55.2%), and folic acid (76.1%). Food adaptation scores were significantly correlated with general characteristics (age, residence year, drinking alcohol and acquisition of nationality), total scores of eating behavior, and nutritional intake (energy, protein, fat, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, niacin, vitamin E, and zinc). These results might suggest that the better their Korean food adaptation, the more desirable their eating behavior and nutritional status.