• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.1255-1261
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• 2006

An alkaliphilic bacterium, Bacillus sp. strain BK, was found to produce extracellular cellulase-free xylanolytic enzymes with xylan-binding activity. Since the pellet-bound xylanase is eluted with 2% TEA from the pellet of the culture, they contain a xylan-binding region that is stronger than the xylan-binding xylanase of the extracellular enzyme. The xylanases had a different molecular weight and xylan-binding ability. The enzyme activity of xylanase in the extracellular fraction was 6 times higher than in the pellet-bound enzyme. Among the enzymes, xylanase had the highest enzyme activity. When Bacillus sp. strain BK was grown in pH 10.5 alkaline medium containing xylan as the sole carbon source, the bacterium produced xylanase, arabinofuranosidase, acetyl esterase, and $\beta$-xylosidase with specific activities of 1.23, 0.11, 0.06, and 0.04 unit per mg of protein, respectively. However, there was no cellulase activity detected in the crude enzyme preparation. The hydrolysis of agricultural residues and kraft pulps by the xylanolytic enzymes was examined at 50$^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.0. The rate of xylan hydrolysis in com hull was higher than those of sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, com cop, rice husk, and rice bran. In contrast, the rate of xylan hydrolysis in sugarcane pulp was 2.01 and 3.52 times higher than those of eucalyptus and pine pulp, respectively. In conclusion, this enzyme can be used to hydrolyze xylan in agricultural residues and kraft pulps to breach and regenerate paper from recycled environmental resources.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.644-651
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• 2013

The fermented manure derivative known as Preparation 500 is traditionally used as a field spray in biodynamic agriculture for maintaining and increasing soil fertility. This work aimed at characterizing the product from a microbiological standpoint and at assaying its bioactive properties. The approach involved molecular taxonomical characterization of the culturable microbial community; ARISA fingerprints of the total bacteria and fungal communities; chemical elemental macronutrient analysis via a combustion analyzer; activity assays for six key enzymes; bioassays for bacterial quorum sensing and chitolipooligosaccharide production; and plant hormone-like activity. The material was found to harbor a bacterial community of $2.38{\times}10^8$ CFU/g dw dominated by Gram-positives with minor instances of Actinobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. ARISA showed a coherence of bacterial assemblages in different preparation lots of the same year in spite of geographic origin. Enzymatic activities showed elevated values of ${\beta}$-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase, chitinase, and esterase. The preparation had no quorum sensing-detectable signal, and no rhizobial nod gene-inducing properties, but displayed a strong auxin-like effect on plants. Enzymatic analyses indicated a bioactive potential in the fertility and nutrient cycling contexts. The IAA activity and microbial degradation products qualify for a possible activity as soil biostimulants. Quantitative details and possible modes of action are discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 1998

This study was conducted to find out the biochemical or metabolic resistance mechanism of brown planthopper (BPH) to carbofuran. Differences between resistant ($LD_{50};\;20.3{\mu}g/g$) and susceptible strains($LD_{50};\;0.3{\mu}g/g$) were shown. The amounts of carbofuran metabolite, benzofuranol, and the origin, not developed by Thin Layer Chromatography, were much more in the susceptible strain. But the mother compound, carbofuran, was much more in the resistant strain. The tendencies of metabolism one and three hours after treatment were similar in both strains except for the amounts of metabolites described above. From the study, it is supposed that hydrolytic enzyme, esterase, changes its role from cleaving the esteric bond of carbofuran to making conjugates with carbofuran. This seems to be the main resistance mechanism of BPH to carbofuran. Oxidase and transferase may play little or no role in resistance mechanism. Oxidative and transferring enzymes gave no effects on the metabolism of carbofuran in the resistant strain compared with the susceptible strain.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 1989

This study was executed to investigate characterization of physiological genetic in Coriolus versicolor, basidiomycetes. The optimal media for mycelia culture were PDA, CVT-I and MES as solid media, 927 and CVT-III were good as liquid media, respectively. The optimal condition for mycelial culture was pH 5.6 and $25-30^{\circ}C$. Electrophoretic isozymes and protein patterns from mycelia identified very similar in 16001 and KD88001 strain, but the other species were very diffrent in band patterns. Especially, pattern of esterase seemed to be valuable tool as taxonomic techniques for indentifying species of Coriolus versicolor. Fruiting body was cultivated with artificial logs cultivation method; 16001 and KD88001 were very similar to fruiting body shapes and colours but 16001 and CVT-80 were different in their shapes, colours and making primordia. Therefore, 16001 and KD88001 were assumed to the same strain, but 16001, 16002 and CVT-80 had the different genetic background.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.3-13
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• 2009

90 wild Agaricus strains from China, including 44 Agaricus bisporus strains identified preliminarily by isozyme electrophoresis, were studied by the techniques of SRAP and ISSR. 18 special SRAP bands and 12 special ISSR bands were analyzed, the strains were clustered and a demdrogram was obtained. The results showed that the strains were divided into 2 groups, wild A. bisporus group and the other Agaricus group. It is similar to the result of isozyme electrophoresis. 41 wild A. bisporus strains from Sichuan and Tibet were divided into 4 groups based on their growing places, suggesting the regionally difference of the strains to be quite obvious. Some white wild A. bisporus strains from Xinjiang and Tibet had special patterns, resulting in lower coefficient values with other wild A. bisporus strains. The biological characteristics of three wild A. bisporus strains were analyzed, and the results showed: 1. The wild strains grew slowly on PDA medium with weak appressed mycelia, and grew normally in kernel or fermented cottonseed shell substrate. 2. They grew faster than control strain As2796 under lower temperature of $16^{\circ}C$, and higher temperature of $32^{\circ}C$, with optimum growing temperature of $20-24^{\circ}C$, which was $4^{\circ}C$ lower than that of control strain. 3. In the cultivation with manure compost via twice fermentation, the mycelia grew normally in compost and quite slowly in casing soil, and the fruitbodies occurred less and late with easily opening and low production. 4. The fruitbody was off-white with flat and scaled cap, long stipe and dark gill. The bisporus basidia occupied 70-80% and trisporus basidia 20-30% of the total basidia. 5. Heterokaryotic monospore isolates could fruit in cultivation, and the homokaryotic isolates could cross with those derived from overseas wild A.bisporus strains. 6. The electrophoresis phenotype of isozymes such as esterase etc. belonged to high production type (H type). 7. The RAPD patterns made much difference from those of high production, good quality or hybrid strains, which indicated that the wild strains produce a new kind of RAPD type.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.605-614
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effects of stale maize on growth performance, immunity, intestinal morphology, and antioxidant capacity in broilers. Methods: A total of 800 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers (45.4±0.5 g) were blocked based on body weight, and then allocated randomly to 2 treatments with 20 cages per treatment and 20 broilers per cage in this 6-week experiment. Dietary treatments included a basal diet and diets with 100% of control maize replaced by stale maize. Results: The content of fat acidity value was higher (p<0.05) while the starch, activities of catalase and peroxidase were lower (p<0.05) than the control maize. Feeding stale maize diets reduced (p<0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) throughout the experiment, feed conversion ratio (FCR) during d 0 to 21 and the whole experiment as well as relative weight of liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius and thymus (p<0.05) on d 21. Feeding stale maize diets decreased jejunum villus height (VH) and VH/crypt depth (CD) (p<0.05) on d 21 and 42 as well as ileum VH/CD on d 42. The levels of immunoglobulin G, acid α-naphthylacetate esterase positive ratios and lymphocyte proliferation on d 21 and 42 as well as lysozyme activity and avian influenza antibody H₅N₁ titer on d 21 decreased (p<0.05) by the stale maize. Feeding stale maize diets reduced (p<0.05) serum interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-2 on d 21 and interleukin-6 on d 21 and 42. Broilers fed stale maize diets had lower levels of (p<0.05) total antioxidative capacity on d 42, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase on d 21 and 42, but higher (p<0.05) levels of malondialdehyde on d 21 and 42. Conclusion: Feeding 100% stale maize decreased ADFI and FCR, caused adverse effects on immunity and antioxidant function and altered intestinal morphology in broilers.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.366-373
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• 2017

Urinalysis is considered to be easier and simpler than other tests. It has been known to cause no burden to patients, while offering important information on diagnosing, treating, and determining the prognoses of kidney and urinary tract diseases. Urinary sediments are usually performed by microscopic examination of centrifuged urine by technologist. The guidelines proposed by the Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service are actually different from those actually practiced by medical institutions and taught to biomedical students in textbooks. Therefore, we verified whether different sediment preparation methods lead different test results. Specimens that tested positive from the occult blood and leukocyte esterase in the urine dipstick test were randomly selected for a microscopic examination. The differences in the urine sediment preparation affected the sediment concentrations, which influenced the cell grade and cell number per HPF. The first factor in determining the sediment concentration is the centrifugal force. Many medical institutions use 1,500 rpm as the centrifugal speed without considering the radius of the centrifuge; such a value may not be accurate for 400 G. Consequently, there were differences in urine concentrations, which influenced the results. The second factor is the amount of sediment in urine. Different amounts of the remaining supernatant led to different sediment concentration factors, again, causing different results. Furthermore, not only by using a pipette to obtain an accurate amount as stipulated, but also by roughly obtaining a drop, the microscopic examination using such a volume of sediment examined affected the results. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of standardization of urine sediment preparation procedures to promote consistency and accuracy across institutions.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.228-235
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• 2010

This study was performed to investigate the memory enhancing effect of Poria cocos Wolf (Hoelen cum radix) against scopolamine-induced amnesia in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. To induce amnesia, scopolamine (0.75 mg/kg) was intraperitonically injected into SD rats 30 min before starting behavior tests. We have conducted Morris water-maze and Y-maze tests to monitor learning and memory functions. Poria cocos effectively reversed scopolamine-induced memory impairment in SD rats which was represented by an improvement of mean escape latency in water-maze test and spontaneous alterations in Y-maze test. To elucidate possible molecule mechanism, we have measured mRNA as well as protein expression of acetylcholine esterase (AchE), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAchR), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) using RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Poria cocos increased mRNA levels of ChAT and mAchR in rat hippocampus compared with those in the scopolamine-injected amnesic group. In addition, protein expression of ChAT and BDNF was also elevated by Poria cocos intake. Furthermore, as an upstrem regulator, the activation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) was assessed by immunohistochemistry. In this immunohistochemical analysis, the phosphorylation of CREB (p-CREB) was reduced by scopolamine injection, which was restored back to control levels by administration of Poria cocos. These results suggest that Poria cocos may improve memory and cognitive deficit in amnesia and have therapeutic potentials through up-regulation of ChAT, mAchR, and BDNF, which seemed to be mediated by activation of CREB.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 1991

To classify fungal species employed for pharmacological effects, mycelial proteins of six isolates of Ganoderma lucidum, five isolates of Schizophyllum commune and five isolates of Cordyceps spp. were separated on polyacrylamide gel to compare them by esterase, acid phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase and peroxidase patterns. Similarity of isozyme patterns among the isolates of G. lucidum IY003, IY004, IY005 and IY008 was indicated over 70%, but that among the isolates of G. lucidum IY009, IY010 and others was indicated from 48% to 9%. Highest similarity of isozymes of S. commune was observed to be between IY803 and IY805, and similarity between these two isolates was 57%. Similarity among other isolates was shown to be from 40% to 56%. Isozyme patterns of Cordyceps spp. were comparatively different, even though they were originated from the same kind of insect as their isolate. Similarity between Cordyceps spp. IY901 and IY904, which was isolated from moths, was 67% and that of IY905 and IY909, which was originated from the larvae, was 42%. Similarity among other isolates was shown to be from 12% to 67%.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.1043-1051
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• 2017

Wild yeasts were isolated from domestic non-sterilized Makgeolli and their fermentation characteristics were analyzed to select the best fermentation seed culture. A total of 65 yeast strains isolated yeasts from non-sterilized Makgeolli and Nuruk. In order to select fermentable strains, hydrogen sulfide, $CO_2$ production ability, alcohol tolerance and aroma component production ability were analyzed. To screen the aromatic strains of isolates, media containing cerulenin, 5,5,5-trifluor-DL-leucine (TFL) and API ZYM kit were used. There were 36 strains resistance to cerulenin and all strains produced esterase and demonstrated tolerance against TFL. Hydrogen sulfide, which could degrade the quality of the fermented beverage, was not produced in 34 yeast. The correlation between alcohol tolerance of yeast and carbon dioxide production was analyzed by principal component analysis. YM22, YM31, YM32 and YM37 produced a total of 0.14-0.18 g/72 h of $CO_2$ indicating high fermentability. Alcohol tolerance was measured by alcohol concentration. YM32, YM37 yeast had 20% alcohol tolerance. As a result, alcohol and flavor characteristics of wild yeast isolated from non-sterilized Makgeolli were analyzed and it was confirmed that yeast was suitable for the production of alcohol.