• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.66-75
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate influencing factors on self-care in the elderly with essential hypertension. Method: The research instruments included the Self-Care Scale, the Knowledge Scale Related to Hypertension, the Self-Efficacy Scale and the Family-Support Scale. Results: The self-care was significantly associated with knowledge (r=.510, p=.000), self-efficacy (r=.708, p=.000), and family support (r=.403, p=.000). The major factors that affected subjects' self-care were knowledge and self-efficacy which explained 58.7% of self-care. Conclusion: Hypertension knowledge and self-efficacy are important factors for nursing interventions in caring for elderly patients with hypertension. It is needed to develop nursing programs for elderly patients with hypertension and to provide nursing interventions to improve knowledge and self-efficacy and, thereby, improving the self-care of elderly patients with hypertension.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.3-18
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• 2002

Hypertension excessively affects national health is the basic disease that causes death and disablement after the middle-aged. Therefore, The detection and control of hypertension is essential to health care. In general, It is known that the systolic blood pressure should be below 140mmHg, the diastolic blood pressure should be below 90mmHg. Presently, the treatment of hypertension is mostly taking anti-hypertension drug, diet and stability. but Taking anti-hypertension drug has such side effects as depression. and that, We were making a study of various treatments of hypertension. In a course of hypertension study, We applied aromatherapy to the control of hypertension. Aromatherapy is the practice of using of volate plant oils including essential oils, for psychological and physical well-being. Essential oils are drawn into the body by the sense smell not only does the aroma of the true plant stimulate the brain to the trigger a positive effect, but supply physical benefits also. In Europe and North America, The study and development of aromatherapy is lively in progress. In the control of hypertension, We applied Lavender, Majoram, Ylang-Ylang to forty-two hypertensive patients. After aromatherapy for controlling hypertension. We measured the changes of the systolic blood pressure & the diastolic blood pressure of patients by time. As the result of above study, We identified the significance of blood pressure down by aromatherapy.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.1123-1134
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of aromatherapy on blood pressure and stress responses of clients with essential hypertension. Method: There were fifty-two subjects divided into an essential oil group, placebo group, and control group by random assignment. The application of aromatherapy was the inhalation method of blending oils with lavender, ylangylang, and bergamot once daily for 4 weeks. To evaluate the effects of aromatherapy, blood pressure and pulse were measured two times a week and serum cortisol levels, catecholamine levels, subjective stress, and state anxiety were measured before and after treatment in the three groups. Data was analyzed by repeated measures of ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and $X^2-test$ using the SPSS 10.0 program. Results: The blood pressure, pulse, subjective stress, state anxiety, and serum cortisol levels among the three groups were significantly statistically different. The differences of catecholamine among the three groups were not significant statistically Conclusion: The results suggest that the inhalation method using essential oils can be considered an effective nursing intervention that reduces psychological stress responses and serum cortisol levels, as well as the blood pressure of clients with essential hypertension.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.233-240
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• 2002

In view of the effect of $\beta_2$-Adrenergic receptors ($\beta_2$-AR) as a risk factor for essential hypertension, we investigated the Fnu4HI and MnlI RFLPs of $\beta_2$ -AR gene in the Korean patients with essential hypertension and normal controls. There were no significant differences in the allele and genotype of these polymorphisms between normotensive and essential hypertensive subjects. In ethnic comparison, the allele frequencies of these three sites contained Nde I RFLP reported the association with essential hypertension in Korean population previously, were very different from those of other ethnic populations studied. The significant linkage disequilibrium was detected only in hypertensive group between Nde I and Fnu4HI sites. The Fnu4HI RFLP was also significantly associated with plasma triglyceride (TG) level. Therefore, our results suggest that the significant association between Fnu4HI variation in the human $\beta_2$-AR gene and plasma TG level may reflect the potential role of human $\beta_2$-AR gene as one of the genetic components for cardiovascular risk.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.341-346
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• 2001

Hypertension is a complex disease with strong genetic influences. Essential hypertension has been shown to be associated with insulin resistance. To clarify the genetic basis of insulin resistance in Hypertension, case-control association studies were performed to examine candidate genes for insulin resistance in hypertension. Polymorphisms investigated were the BstO I polymorphism of the $\beta$3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) gene, the Xba I Polymorphism of the glycogen synthase (GSY) gene, the Dde I polymorphism of the protein phosphatase 1 G subuit (PP1G) gene, the BstE II polymorphism of the glucagon receptor (GCG-R) gene, the Pst 1 polymorphism of the insulin (INS) gene and the Acc I polymorphism of the glucokinase (GCK) gene. No significant differences were observed in the distribution of alleles and genotypes of the ADRB3, GSY PP1G, GCG-R, INS, and GCK genes between hypertensive and normotensive groups. Although the frequencies in each of these polymorphisms were not significantly different between essential hypertensive and normotensive individuals, our results may provide additional information for linkage analysis and associative studies of disorders in carbohydrate metabolism or in cardiovascular disease.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.95-98
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• 2001

$\beta$$_2$-Adrenergic receptors($\beta$$_2$-AR) contribute to cardiovascular regulation by influencing several functions and a several studies suggest that a decreased function of the $\beta$$_2$-AR may be involved in essential hypertension. We investigated the Arg16Gly mutation of $\beta$$_2$-AR gene, which show enhanced agonist-promoted downregulation of the receptor and yielded different results in terms of association with essential hypertension. We studied the relationship between genetic variation in the $\beta$$_2$-adrenergic receptor gene and hypertension in a Korean population using Nde I restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. There were significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies between essential hypertensive and normotensive group (Odds ratio(CI) = 1.71 (1.09-2.70)). Therefore, our result suggests that the Nde I RELP of the $\beta$$_2$-adrenergic receptor gene may be useful as a genetic marker in hypertension diagnostics in Korean population.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2001

Essential hypertension is considered to be a multifactorial disease that is influenced not only by environmental factors but also by genetic factors. Genes involved in lipoprotein synthesis, modification and metabolism are candidates for essential hypertension. The purpose of this study was to estimate gene frequencies of paraoxonase/arylesterase (PON1) gene in Korean population and investigate the relationship between genotypes of this gene and essential hypertension or cardiovascular risk factors. In order to estimate the genotype frequencies, Alw I RFLP of PON1 gene was used as genetic marker. There were no significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies between normotensives and essential hypertensives, respectively. However, Alw I RELP of PON1 gene were significantly associated with plasma HDL-cholesterol level in Korean population (one-way ANOVA test, p=0.008). Therefore, our result suggest that this RFLP of PON1 gene may be protective marker on cardiovascular disease in Korean population.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.20 no.4 s.51
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• pp.303-309
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• 2005

Essential hypertension has been considered as multifactorial disease resulted from the interaction of both environmental and genetic factors. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure homeostasis. Recently, a homologue of angiotensin I converting enzyme, ACE2 has been focused on as a candidate gene of essential hypertension in the experiments using animal model and human being. In this study, we carried out an association study in order to clarify the relationship between the A 1075G polymorphism in the ACE2 gene and essential hypertension in Korean subjects. Because this polymorphism is located on human chromosome X, the statistical analysis for each gender was performed separately. There were no significant differences in allele distribution of the A 1075G polymorphism in the ACE2 gene between normotensives and hypertensives in the both gender groups, respectively. However, this polymorphism was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values in only female groups (P< 0.05). Thus, these results may suggest the probable role of ACE2 gene in the inter-individual susceptibility of female group to blood pressure variability.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2002

In view of the effect of antithrombin III on essential hypertension, we investigated the 5' untranslated exon 1 length (I/D) polymorphism and intron 5'-DdeI RFLP of the human antithrombin III gene in the Korean patients with essential hypertension. There were no significant differences in the allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies of these polymorphisms between normotensive and essential hypertensive subjects. The significant linkage disequilibrium was however, detected between I/D polymorphism and Dde I RFLP. The I/D polymorphism was also significantly associated with BMI, total cholesterol (TC) and HDL- cholesterol levels, while DdeI polymorphism with age and BMI. Therefore, our results suggest that the significant association between the genetic polymorphisms in the antithrombin III gene and variable cardiovascular risk factors may reflect the potential role of human antithrombin III gene in cardiovascular function.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.245-249
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• 1987

Cardiovascular disease is at present the leading cause of deth in the United States and other in dustrilized countries. A major contributing factor of cardiovascular disease is essential hypertension. Untreated, essential hypertension is considered a risk factor for sudden death due to myocardial infarctions, as well as a risk factor for cerebral vascular disease, renal failure and congestive heart failure. During the last decade, significant progress has been made in the basic knowledge of the pathogenesis of hypertension as well as in the development of new antihypertensive drugs.