• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.1154-1166
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• 1998

배 경 : 현재 우리나라에서 사용되어지고있는 여러 가지 재치료 결핵제재 조합의 치료효과를 비교함으로써 결핵 재치료시외 올바른 Regimen을 정립시키고자 실시하였다. 방 법 : 1994년 1월부터 1996년 11월까지 국립마산병원에 입원하였던 재치료 환자로서 2차약제를 처음 처방한 104명을 OFX+PTA+CS+PAS+Aminoglycoside주사제를 사용하는 처방군 48명과 PZA+PTA+CS+PAS+Aminoglycoside주사제를 사용하는 처방군 35명 그리고 PZA+OFX+PTA+PAS+Aminoglycoside주사제를 사용하는 처방군 21명으로 분류하여 일반적인 임상 특성 및 치료효과를 연구하였다. 결 과 : 연령분포는 전체적으로는 50세 이상이 36례(34.6%)로 가장 많았고 평균연령은 42.6세였다. 성별은 남자가 81례(77.9%)로 많았다. 동반질환이 있는 경우는 31례(29.8%)였고, 합병증이 있는 경우는 18례(17.3%), 가족력이 있는 경우는 29례(27.9%)로 나타났다. 초치료처방은 HERZ(S or K) 48례 (46.2%), HER(S or K) 41례(39.4%), 기타 15례(14.4%)의 순 이었으며, 입원전 항결핵 치료에서 규칙적으로 치료한 경우가 49례(47.1%)로 나타났다. 약제 내성검사결과 INH와 RFP 동시에 내성이 있는 경우가 68례 (65.4%)로 가장 많았고 RFP에 내성이 있는 경우는 12례(11.5%), INH에 내성이 있는 경우는 3례(2.9%)이었으며, 모든 약제에 감수성이 있는 경우도 3례(2.9%)이었다. 입원시 호소한 증상은 전체적으로 기침이 93례(89.4%)로 가장 많았고, 객담 72례(69.2%), 호흡곤란 39례(37.5%), 체중감소 35례(33.7%), 혈담 16례(15.4%)의 순 이었으며, 증상이 없는 경우도 1례(0.96%)있었다. 입원시 병변의 범위에 따른 분류는 전체적으로 중증이 73례(70.2%)로 가장 많았고 중등증 28례(26.9%), 경증 3례(2.9%)의 순 이었다. 약제에 대한 부작용용 위장장애 31례(29.8%), 관절통 22례(21.2%), 피부질환 12례(11.5%) 등의 순이었다. 객담도말검사상 균이 음전화된 경우는 89례(85.6%)로 Group I이 42례(87.5%), Group II가 28례(80.0%), Group III가 19례(90.5%)였고, 평균 균음전 기간은 4.0개월로 Group I이 4.0개월, Group II가 4.6개월, Group III가 3.0개월이었다. 결 론 : 재치료 병합치료에서 OFX는 PZA를 사용하지 못하는 환자에게 투여하여 PZA를 사용할 때와 유사한 결과를 얻었으며, CS를 사용할 수 없는 환자에게 OFX와 PZA를 복합 처방함으로써 좋은 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2009

목 적 : 소아에서의 항결핵제 내성률은 지역 사회에서의 결핵 관리의 효율성을 파악하는 척도가 되나 국내외의 보고가 많지 않다. 이에 저자들은 소아청소년 결핵에서의 약제 내성률과 변화 경향을 조사하여 결핵 치료 및 예방적 화학요법 처방 선정에 도움을 얻고자 하였다. 방 법 : 1999년 1월부터 2007년 7월까지 대한결핵협회 결핵 연구원 미생물부(세계보건기구 지정 국제자문검사소)에 배양 및 감수성 검사가 의뢰되어 M. tuberculosis가 분리되어 항결핵제에 대한 감수성 검사가 실시된 예 중 19세 이하를 대상으로 항결핵제에 대한 감수성 검사를 실시하였다. 결 과 : 소아청소년에서 한 가지 이상의 약제에 대해 내성을 보인 균주는 607균주(16.6%)였고, IHN에 대해 내성을 보인 균주는 503균주(13.8%), RFP에 대해서는 326균주(8.9%), PZA에 대해서는 155균주(4.2%), SM에 대해서는 134균주(3.7%), EMB에 대해서는 215균주(5.9%), PAS에 대해서는 70균주(1.9%)였다. 다제내성결핵균은 276균주(7.6%)였고 광범위약제내성결핵균은 5균주(0.2%)였다. 15세 이하에서보다(20.5%) 15세 이상에서의 한 가지 이상의 약제에 대한 내성률(16.1%)이 유의하게 낮았고(P=0.016), 다제내성결핵이 차지하는 비율도 낮았으나(각각 8.7 %, 7.4%) 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 본 조사 기간 동안 한 가지 이상의 결핵 약제에 대한 내성률과 다제내성결핵이 차지하는 비율은 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.001). 이전 1987년부터 1995년까지의 조사와 비교해 보면, 한 가지 이상의 결핵 약제에 대한 내성률은 37.5%에서 20.5%로 유의하게 감소하였고(P=0.007), INH, EMB, PAS에 대한 내성률의 감소는 통계적으로 유의하였으며(P<0.05), 다제내성결핵이 차지하는 비율도 감소하였으나 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 결 론 : 소아청소년 결핵에서의 약제 내성률은 과거에 비해 점차로 감소하는 양상을 보이고 있으나, 아직은 다른 나라보다 높고 다제내성결핵과 광범위약제내성결핵이 새로운 문제로 대두되고 있어 약제 감수성 검사와 내성균 감염 위험 요인 파악을 통한 효율적인 치료 약제 선정으로 치료 성공률을 높이면서 항결핵제 내성균의 증가를 막아야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2001년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.867-870
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• 2001

아급성 독성 시험으로부터, 미립구내의 레티노익 산을 기준으로 한 투여량이 100mg/kg 일때는 4마리의 치사 개체가 보이는 등의 심각한 독성 효과가 유발되었으며, 25 및 50mg/kg인 경우에 독성 효과가 거의 나타나지 않음을 관찰하였다. 50mg/kg의 투여량의 경우, 일부 동물에서 뼈골절 현상이 나타났지만, 이러한 독성효과는 항염증제를 같이 투여함으로써 극복될 수 있을 것으로 생각되어졌다. 따라서, 앞으로의 실험에서는 항염증제를 이용하여, 가능한 독성을 억제하연서, 보다 빠른 기간 내에 상태가 회복될 수 있도록 하는 연구를 행할 것이다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.188-195
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• 1993

In order to understand the machanism of action and regulation of ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptor in terms of molecular level, the purification of receptor protein has a fundamental importance. Moreover, species differences among avian, amphibian and mammalian ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptors make it more important to purify mammalian ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptor. Because ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptor is an integral membrane protein, it must be solubilized from the membrane for the purification. The purpose of the present study was to solubilize and characterize the mammalian $\beta$-adrenergic receptor from guinea pig lung in quantities by more efficient and practical method eventually to purify receptor. Guinea pig lung membrane preparation was solubilized by sequential treatment of buffers containing low and high concentration of digitonin which are 0.2 and 1.2% respectively. About 50% of the total receptor pool was released by this double extraction procedure. The $\beta$-adrenoceptors in the digitonin extract were identified using the ${\beta}$-adrenergic antagonist, (-)-[$^3H$]-dihydroalprenolol ([$^3H$]DHA). The solubilized receptor retained all of the essential characteristics of membrane-bound receptor, namely saturability; stereoselectivity; high affinity to ${\beta}$-adrenergic drugs. For the measurement of soluble receptor activity, Sephadex G-50 chromatography method has been widely used. Inspite of its accuracy and wide acceptance, this technique employed troublesome column work which required long time to assay the activity of receptor. We employed another methods to measure receptor activity. When using 0.5% polyethylenimine pretreated GF/B glass fiber filter, filtration technique could be used to measure soluble receptor activity. This technique enabled us to reduce the total amount of time to assay by a factor of 4 as well as to detect soluble receptor. In the present study, we could establish more efficient and practical solubilization method of mammalian $\beta$-adrenergic receptor. The rapidity and high yield of this solubilization scheme, together with the favorable recovery of the receptor activity, are significant steps toward the ultimate purification of the mammalian $\beta$-adrenergic receptor. The result of this study together with more convenient purification method could provide large amount of purified receptor with ease for various research purposes.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.139-158
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• 1990

동물성 식품의 생산을 증가시키기 위하여 다양한 종류의 ehdafn성 약물이 사용되고 있고 공업의 발달과 더불어 각종의 공해물질이 수질과 토양을 오염시키고 있다. 따라서 이와 같은 화학물질이 직접 혹은 간접적으로 동물성 식품을 오염시키거나 식품에 잔류할 가능성이 높아지고 있다. 이에 따라 농림수산부와 보건 사회부에서는 약제 잔류를 방지하기 위하여 잔류 허용기준을 따로이 마련하였고 독자적으로 잔류에 대한 조사연구에 착수하였다. 잔류 약제에 대한 규제는 국민건강을 지킨다는 의미에서 착실히 추진되어야 할 것이나 생산기반이 흔들리지 않는 범위 내에서 점진적으로 진행되어야 할 것이고, 국내에서의 동물성 식품의 안전성 확보를 통하여 수출을 확대하고 무분별한 수입을 억제할 수 있도록 이원화되어 있는 업무를 일원화되어야 한다. 검사를 통하여 잔류를 방지하고자 하는 정책 보다는 생산 단계에서 안전휴약기간을 지키도록 적극 교육, 홍보, 지도하여야 한다. 이 심포지엄 연제에서는 미국과 한국 농림수산부에서는 잔류검사기법에 대한 개요와 검사 계획, 국내에서의 잔류물질에 대한 조사연구 개황, 그리고 허용기준 설정방법 등에 대하여 논의한다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.711-717
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• 2013

Opisthorchis viverrini (O. viverrini) is a well-known causative agent of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in humans. CCA is very resistant to chemotherapy and is frequently fatal. To understand the pathogenesis of CCA in humans, a rodent model was developed. However, the development of CCA in rodents is time-consuming and the xenograft-transplantation model of human CCA in immunodeficient mice is costly. Therefore, the establishment of an in vivo screening model for O. viverrini-associated CCA treatment was of interest. We developed a hamster CCA cell line, Ham-1, derived from the CCA tissue of O. viverrini-infected and N-nitrosodimethylamine-treated Syrian golden hamsters. Ham-1 has been maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Essential Medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum for more than 30 subcultures. These cells are mostly diploid (2n=44) with some being polyploid. Tumorigenic properties of Ham-1 were demonstrated by allograft transplantation in hamsters. The transplanted tissues were highly proliferative and exhibited a glandular-like structure retaining a bile duct marker, cytokeratin 19. The usefulness of this for in vivo model was demonstrated by berberine treatment, a traditional medicine that is active against various cancers. Growth inhibitory effects of berberine, mainly by an induction of G1 cell cycle arrest, were observed in vitro and in vivo. In summary, we developed the allo-transplantable hamster CCA cell line, which can be used for chemotherapeutic drug testing in vitro and in vivo.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.223-235
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• 1989

To grasp the idea about how drugs are used under Medical Insurance Scheme, the amount and share of drug cost in the total medical fee have been reviewed and analyzed for different types of patients (in-patient out-patient), medical institutions and frequently seen diseases and following findings were revealed. In 1986, drug cost took 32.78% of total medical fee for in-patients and 32.98% for out-patients averaged over 30% share as a whole. When drug cost per case in 1980 be indexed to 100, it has shown steady growth to become 200 for in-patients and about 150 for out-patients in 1986. The contribution of drug cost to the total medical fee is, regardless of patient type-in-patients and out-patients, the highest in University hospitals and followed by General hospitals, Hospitals and Clinics in decending order That for the most frequent 10 diseases came out the highest,79 a with the essential benign hypertension of out-patients in the General hospitals, 61% for the gastric ulcer of out-patients in Hospitals and 33% for the female genital diseases of out-patients in Clinics. The drug cost of oral formula was contributed the most, 7.93% by cardiovascular agents followed by hepatic detoxicants(5.47%) and out-patients(4.93%), and that of injectable formula was contributed the most by antibiotics(24.17%), followed by protein amino-acid preparations(6.19%). The order of drug usage by specialty for the in-patients was the highest with internal medicine followed by general surgery and E.N.T, and that for the out-parients was in the order of Internal medicine, neuropsychology and Ob/Gy. This study revealed that the drug dependency was characteristically different to specialty. In view of the fact that drug cost on average exceeds over 30% of total medical fee, proper drug administration appears to be vitally important for the stabilization of the financial standing of the Medical Insurance Scheme. As a consequence, drug usage guidelines including antibiotics usage shall be established first of all and the voluntary participation for the regulation of drug usage and propagation of the guidelines to medical institutions are strongly coerced.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.119-134
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand a variety of intervention studies to prevent smoking by adolescents in U.S. and find out implications for Korea. Methods: This study reviewed articles found in the internet and analysed the data of US DHHS and CDC. Results: The School Health Policies and Programs Study (SHPPS) is a national survey periodically conducted to assess school health policies and programs of U.S. The main components of SHPPS are health education and physical education, health services, mental health and social services, school policies, and school environments. The CDC guidelines for school health programs to prevent tobacco use and addiction are composed of policy, instruction, curriculum, training, family involvement, tobacco-use cessation efforts, and evaluation. School-based interventions to prevent smoking can be classified into the categories of information-giving curricula, social competence curricula, social influence approaches, combined methods draw on social competence and social influence approaches and multi-modal programmes and Youth Empowerment study. The key programs for adolescent smoking prevention are ALERT Project, HSPP, TNT Project, MPP, NC YES. Conclusions: As smoking is often the first step of unhealthy behaviour such as alcohol drinking, illegal drugs, and violence, smoking prevention programmes for adolescents in U.S. have been comprehensive school-based health programs. In smoking prevention programs for adolescents, CDC plays a critical role by supporting survey, research, policy, and funds. The effectiveness of the programs was high when it was based on school and involved parents, community, and mass media. As the effect of each programme is not expected to last for a long time, consistent repetition of these interventions is essential. Current smoking prevention programs for adolescents are exploring the empowerment approach focused on the active involvement of participants rather than traditional approaches using order and discipline.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1162-1162
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• 2001

Whereas NIR spectroscopy has been applied in agriculture for more than 20 years, few studies refer to those plant substances occurring only in smaller amounts. Nevertheless there is a growing interest today to support efficiently activities in the production of high-quality medicinal and spice plants by this fast and non-invasive method. Therefore, it was the aim of this study to develop new NIR methods for the reliable prediction of secondary metabolites found as valuable substances in various plant species. First, sophisticated NIR methods were established to perform fast quality analyses of intact fennel, caraway and dill fruits deriving from single-plants [1]. Later on, a characterization of several leaf drugs and the corresponding fresh material has been successfully performed. In this context robust calibrations have been developed for dried peppermint, rosemary and sage leaves for the determination of their individual essential oil content and composition [2]. A specially adopted NIR method has been developed also for the analysis of carnosic acid in the leaves of numerous rosemary and sage gene bank accessions. Carnosic acid is an antioxidative substance for which several health promoting properties including cancer preservation are assumed. Also some other calibrations have been developed for non-volatile substances such as aspalathin (in unfermented rooibos leaves), catechins (in green tea) and echinacoside (in different Echinacea species) [3]. Some NIR analyses have also been successfully performed on fresh material, too. In spite of the fact that these measurements showed less accuracy in comparison to dried samples, the calibration equations are precise enough to register the individual plant ontogenesis and genetic background. Based on the information received, the farmers and breeders are able to determine the right harvest time (when the valuable components have reached their optimum profile) and to select high-quality genotypes during breeding experiments, respectively. First promising attempts have also been made to introduce mobile diode array spectrometers to collect the spectral data directly on the field or in the individual natural habitats. Since the development of reliable NIRS methods in this special field of application is very time-consuming and needs continuous maintenance of the calibration equations over a longer period, it is convenient to supply the corresponding calibration data to interested user via NIRS network. The present status of all activities, preformed in this context during the last three years, will be presented in detail.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.10-26
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• 1990

In Korean education, the health contents are scattered in various course subjects throughtout the primary and junior high school curriculum. So it is very difficult to provide systematic health education. The purpose of this study was to provide a guide for health education using health topic areas and major concepts that represent the scope of material that should be covered in health instruction. The steps used in selecting these health topic areas and major concepts were as follows: 1. A review of the literature related to health and health education was done to develop the rationale underlying this study. 2. Health topic areas basic to the growth and development characteristics of children, to human needs and to societal needs for healthful living were indentified. 3. The major concepts for each health topic area based on health sciences and children's growth and development levels were selected. 4. The major concepts selected were organized in sequence to guide health education from grade one to grade nine. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The identification of eleven health topic areas essential for health education. These include: personal habits and health healthy growth and development nutrition and health prevention of disease and disorders drugs and health mental health family life and health sex education accident prevention consumer health community health 2. The identification of the major concepts(generalizations) for each health topic area: 33 major concepts were identified as a guide in determining the health content of health education programs. These are 1) body cleaniness, 2) health of the sensory organs, 3) dental health, 4) exercise and rest, 5) growth and development, 6) body structure and function, 7) developmental tasks, 8) balanced nutrition, 9) eating habits, 10) food preparation and food storage, 11) sources of disease and disorders, 12) disease preventive behavior, 13) care during illness, 14) drug use and misuse, 15) drug addiction, 16) emotional responses, 17) human relationship, 18) self concept, 19) social adjustment, 20) health habits of the family, 21) interdependence of family members, 22) origin of life, 23) characteristics of man and woman, 24) sexual instinct, 25) safety behavior, 26) emergency measures, 27) criteria for selection of health products, 28) proper use of health information, 29) utilization of health and medical services, 30) environmental conservation, 31) environmental pollution, 32) population control, 33) function of public health services. 3. The organization of the concepts(generalizations) in sequence and for continuity in health instruction at the primary and junior high school level.