• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.111-118
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• 1993

The hemolytic characteristics of amphotericin B-containing liposomes have been investigated in vitro. From the hemolysis of human erythrocytes against free and liposomal amphotericin B, the marked reduction in the toxicity of amphotericin B was observed by incorporating the drug in egg PC liposomes. For 45 min, free amphotericin B at $9.6\;{\mu}g/ml$ could completely lyse 2 wt% human erythrocytes. However, liposomal amphotericin B had essentially no lytic effect even in the range over $9.6\;{\mu}g/ml$. In the 66 hr-hemolysis experiment, liposomal amphotericin B showed the slowly hemolysing chracteristics during the experimental period regardless of the concentration of amphotericin B but rapid hemolysis only for 12 hr was observed in the case of free amphotericin B and the degree of hemolysis for 12 hr was maintained after that time. Also the hemolysing ability of liposomal amphotericin B at $4\;{\mu}g/ml$ was lower than that of free amphotericin B at the same concentration for 66 hr. On the other hand, the dependence of hemolysis on amphotericin B contents in egg PC liposomes was significant between 1.64 mole% amphotericin B-containing liposomes and 15.79 or 27.27 mole% amphotericin B-containing liposomes. But no marked difference in hemolysis was observed between 15.79 and 27.27 mole% amphotericin B-containing liposomes. Especially, cholesterol as an excipient in amphotericin B-containing liposomes significantly reduced the hemolysis of human erythrocyte. The degree of hemolysis in 5 mole% amphotericin B-containing liposomes was reduced to approximately 50% of value in the cholesterol-free liposomes by adding 50% cholesterol.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.127-132
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• 1992

Colloidal $^{32}P$ chromic phosphate is used to prevent hepatic metastasis from colorectal cancer. It is speculated that the intravenous injection of colloidal $^{32}P$ chromic phosphate can cause genotoxicity. To evaluate the genotoxicity of intravenously injected colloidal $^{32}P$ chromic phosphate, authors performed a micronuclei test in mice bone marrow. Mice (ICR strain, $25\sim30g$) were divided to 4 groups: control, group 1 (19.166 KBq/g, usual therapeutic dose in human), group 2 (191.66 KBq/g), and group 3 (1916.6 KBq/g). Five mice of each group were sacrificed at days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 14. Bone marrow were smeared and stained with Wright-Giemsa method. One thousand polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) and normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) were counted under the light microscope, and the number of micronucleated PCEs and NCEs were recorded. The frequency of micronuclei in PCE and NCE in the control group was $0.3{\pm}0.06%\;and\;0.45{\pm}0.10%$, respectively. At group 1, frequency of micronuclei is not different from the control. However, frequencies of micronuclei in PCE at groups 2 and 3 were significantly increased from day 1 and persisted to day 14. The frequency of micronuclei in NCE was increased only at group 3. In conclusion, the frequency of micronuclei increases as the dose of colloidal $^{32}P$chromic phosphate increases, while micronuclei was not induced at the usual therapeutic dose. And the frequency of micronuclei persistently elevated for 14 days in the cases of higer doses.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권8호
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• pp.805-808
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• 2010

Although sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is often used in pediatric intensive care units, cyanide toxicity can occur after SNP treatment. To treat SNP-induced cyanide poisoning, antidotes such as amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate, and hydroxycobalamin should be administered immediately after diagnosis. Here, we report the first case of a very young infant whose SNP-induced cyanide poisoning was successfully treated by exchange transfusion. The success of this alternative method may be related to the fact that exchange transfusion not only removes the cyanide from the blood but also activates detoxification systems by supplying sulfur-rich plasma. Moreover, exchange transfusion replaces cyanide-contaminated erythrocytes with fresh erythrocytes, thereby improving the blood's oxygen carrying capacity more rapidly than antidote therapy. Therefore, we believe that exchange transfusion might be an effective therapeutic modality for critical cases of cyanide poisoning.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.778-785
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• 2001

In Korea, the concerns about the consumption of soy-based infant formulas have received considerable public attention. In has been known that the n-3/n-6 ratio of soy has a beneficial effect on the health. This study was conducted to investigate whether the soy-based infant formula has an effect on the composition of fatty acids in erythrocytes with regard to the plasma lipid levels in full-term infants. The infants who were delivered at Kyung Hee Medical Center were recruited. Experimental groups were the breast milk group(n=17), soy-based infant formula group(n=12) and casein-based infant formula group(n=19). Anthrophometic and dietary assessments were performed and the composition of RBC fatty acids and blood lipid levels were measured. The body weight, length, chest circumference and head circumference of the subjects were normal growth range showing no significant difference among the experimental groups. The ratio of n-3/n-6 ratio in breast milk, soy-based infant formula and casein-based infant formula were 0.11, 0.14 and 0.13, respectively. N-3/n-6 ratio of the subjects erythrocyte fatty acids for each groups were 0.18, 0.21 and 0.17, respectively. Most of the fatty acids of erythrocyte were not significantly different among the three experimental groups. The blood lipid levels of each experimental group were normal range. The total lipid level of casein-based formula group was higher than that of other experimental groups and LDL-cholesterol level of soy-based formula group was the lowest among the three groups.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.185-191
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• 1989

A dog which was hospitalized to Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbug National University on December 28, 1988 was revealed severe anemia: hemoglobinuria and weakness. In the inspections, abdominal pain and spleno megaly at the ventral abdomen were detected by palpations. In the examinations of blood, the obtained results were summarized as follows: Babesla spp. was identified on the blood smear stained with Giemsa. The Babesia spp. was assumed to the Babesia gibsoni for the their small size and pleomorphism such as comma form, ring form and dot form. In the blood examinations of the patient, Ht: 22.5％, RBC:354${\times}$10$^4$/${\mu}\ell$, Hb: 8.8g/dl, serum protein: 8g/dl, and WBC count was 21, 425/${\mu}\ell$. In the chemical examinations of serum, the value of AST(GOT) was 30iu and ALT(GPT) was 20iu, respectively. The blood sugar was 60mg/d1. In the urine test, urine protein was 30mg/d1 and the hemoglobin In the urine was the ＋＋＋ and occult blood reaction(Benzidine test) in the feces was ＋＋＋. Splenomegaly was confirmed by X-ray examination. To confirm for the Babesia spp. infection, 5ml of the whole blood of the patient(3％ of Parasitized erythrocytes) were inoculated into the cephalic vein of the two normal dogs. In the blood of experimental dogs which were inoculated parasitized blood, Babesia spp. was detected in the two doss and pleomorphic parasites were observed, too. In the blood examinations of No. 1 the Ht and RBC were decreased to 6.8％ and 52${\times}$10$^4$/${\mu}\ell$, respectively. WBC count was 10.600/${\mu}\ell$ and serum protein was 6.8g/dl. The rates of parasitized erythrocytes were 15％ in the experimental dog. Also ＋＋＋ of the hemoglobin was detected in the urine. In the X-ray examination, splenomegaly was comfirmed and it was confirmed by autopsy of the experimental dog(No. 1).

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.149-156
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• 1971

A survey on the piroplasma infections for Canadian cows imparted from November 1968 to June 1969 to Kyungpuk, Korea was conducted by means of enumeration of erythrocytes and examination of Giemsa staining blood films from the cows and their calves. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. So-called small type piroplasma (Theileria) infections were suspected in almost all of imported cows and their calves during their first pasture season and mixed infections with so-called large type piroplasma (Babesia) or Eperythrozoon wenyoni were detected in some cows and calves. 2. Fever, anorexia, depression, marked decreased milk production, sever anemia and jundice were observed in the imported cows with havy infection of so-called small type piroplasma (Theileria). And the piroplasma infection was most important cause of deaths of imported cows. 3. Sever anemia, malnutrition and poor growth were observed in many calves from imported cows with havy infection of so-called small type piroplasma(Theileria). 4. Good results were obtained in treating cattle acutely ill with so-called small type piroplasmosis by injection of pamaquine but they may need scond injection 3 to 4 weeks after the first treatment for reapperence of the piroplasma in the erythrocytes.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.71-81
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• 2007

넙치, Paralichthys olivaceus 병어에서 분리된 Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae와 Vibrio spp.(V. anguillarum, V. splendidus, V. harveyi and V. ordalii)의 병원성을 in vitro에서 조사하였다. Extracellular products (ECPs)의 성상은 효소 활성, 양과 넙치 적혈구에 대한 용혈능과 cell-line에 대한 세포 독성을 조사하였다. 그리고 세균의 internalization에서 signal transduction pathways를 signal transduction inhibitor를 이용하여 조사하였다.P. damselae는 phospholipase 활성, 넙치 적혈구에 대한 용혈능, 세포독성이 높게 나타났으며, 분리된 vibrios 균주에 비하여 internalization에서 다양한 경로를 나타내었다. 따라서 이러한 활성은 P. damselae의 병원성과 관련이 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.411-414
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• 2005

Clean Natural is a new disinfectant of which main components are propolis and wood vinegar from Quercus mongolica. The mutagenicity of Clean Natural was studied by a micronucleus test in male ICR mice. The maximally tolerated dose (MTI) of Clean Natural was determined to >2.0 g/kg body weight. Therefore, the doses adopted for the micronucleus test was 2.0 g/kg as a high dose, 1.0 g/kg as a medium and 0.5 g/kg as a low of dose, respectively. Each of group was consisted of three doses of Clean Natural, positive control 2 mg/kg of mitomycin C and negative control 20 ml/kg of saline. A slide preparation was made at 24 hours following administration. No significant induction of micronuclei was observed in any of the three doses of Clean Natural orally administered. No cytotoxicity such as inhibition of hemopoiesis was observed in any group of test agent as the rate of polychromatic erythrocytes to total erythrocytes was over 40%. These results indicate that Clean Natural is not capable of inducing micronuclei in vivo mouse cells and thus has no genotoxicity in micronucleus test.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.369-374
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• 2002

The present study was performed to validate an automated image analysis system (Loats Automated Micronucleus Scoring System) for the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay, comparing with conventional microscopic scoring. Two studies were conducted to provide slides for a comparison of micro-nucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) values collected manually to those collected by the auto-mated system. Test article A was used as an example of a compound negative for the induction of micronuclei and test article B was wed as a micronucleus-inducing agent to elicit a positive response. Cyclophosphamide was included to provide an positive control in two studies. Bone marrow samples were collected 24 h after administration of test article A and B in male ICR mice. The cells were fixed with absolute methanol and stained with May-Grunwald and Giemsa. The number of MNPCEs was determined by the analysis of 1000 total PCEs per bone marrow sample. In addition to micronucleus scoring, an index of bone marrow toxicity based on PCE ratio (% of PCEs to total erythrocytes) was determined for each sample. The automated and manual scoring was similar when the MNPCEs incidence induced by each test article was less than 10. However manual scoring was able to effectively enumerate micronucleated PCEs in mouse bone marrow when MNPCEs incidence was more than 10, such as cyclophosphamide treatment. Conversely, PCE ratio was superior in computer-assisted image analysis. Taken together, it is suggested that improvement of the automated image analysis may be necessary to render the automatic scoring as sensitive as manual scoring for routine counting of micronuclei, especially because it is superior in objectivity and high throughput scoring.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.865-877
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• 1999

Hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes are lymphoid organs which share morphologic and functional characteristics of lymph nodes and spleens. Hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes are normally present in Korean native goats. Hemal nodes bad extensive subcapsular and deep sinuses distended by a great number of erythrocytes, and no typical cortex and medulla were observed. Blood vessels commonly occurred, but lymph vessel was not observed in the hemal node. Hemolymph nodes had distinct cortex and medulla, and also had afferent and efferent lymph vessels. The aim of the present study was to obtain new information on the distinct morphological structures of hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes according to ages, and have the basic data for their functions. Goats are divided into 5 groups, consisting of 3 animals aged 1, 3, 6, 10, and 12 months. The morphological studies of the organs were carried out by gross anatomy, light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. During aging, there was an increase in the size of the organs, while there were no significant changes of their numbers, locations and colors. As the goat got older, the lymphatic nodules of hemal nodes were more developed, and the number of macrophage containing phagocytosed erythrocytes was more increased. As the goat was younger, the lymphatic tissues of hemolymph nodes were less developed. There was no difference in distribution of T- and B- lymphocytes according to ages.