• Title/Summary/Keyword: equity

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Factors Affecting Satisfaction with Medical Service of the Elderly with Disabilities : Focusing on Health Characteristics and Medical Service Characteristic (장애노인의 의료서비스 만족도 영향 요인 : 건강 특성과 의료서비스 특성을 중심으로)

  • Kwak, Jee-Young;Shin, Eunkyoung
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.22 no.5
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    • pp.788-797
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    • 2022
  • The purpose of this study is to identify the satisfaction with medical services of the disabled elderly who have the highest need for medical services. For this purpose, the effect of health characteristics and medical service characteristics of the disabled elderly on medical service satisfaction was verified. The subjects of analysis were 3,323 persons with disabilities aged 65 or older who were taken from the national survey of people with disabilities in 2017. For statistical analysis, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were performed using the SPSS 26.0 program. The results of the study showed as follows. As a result of the regression analysis, gender (β= -.045, p<.05) and residence status (β= -.048, p<.05) among the demographic characteristics as control variables had a statistically significant effect on the level of medical service satisfaction. Among the health characteristics, IADL (β=-.044, p<.05) had a statistically significant effect on medical service satisfaction level. In the case of medical service characteristics, satisfaction with medical facilities and equipment (β = .290, p< .001), medical staff's level of understanding of disability (β = .404, p< .001), health-related service use (β = .182, p<.05) had a statistically significant effect on the level of medical service satisfaction. Based on the results, practical alternatives to ensure health equity in the community medical system were suggested in the discussion to enhance the health management and self-determination capabilities of the disabled elderly.

Multi-objective Genetic Algorism Model for Determining an Optimal Capital Structure of Privately-Financed Infrastructure Projects (민간투자사업의 최적 자본구조 결정을 위한 다목적 유전자 알고리즘 모델에 관한 연구)

  • Yun, Sungmin;Han, Seung Heon;Kim, Du Yon
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.28 no.1D
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    • pp.107-117
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    • 2008
  • Private financing is playing an increasing role in public infrastructure construction projects worldwide. However, private investors/operators are exposed to the financial risk of low profitability due to the inaccurate estimation of facility demand, operation income, maintenance costs, etc. From the operator's perspective, a sound and thorough financial feasibility study is required to establish the appropriate capital structure of a project. Operators tend to reduce the equity amount to minimize the level of risk exposure, while creditors persist to raise it, in an attempt to secure a sufficient level of financial involvement from the operators. Therefore, it is important for creditors and operators to reach an agreement for a balanced capital structure that synthetically considers both profitability and repayment capacity. This paper presents an optimal capital structure model for successful private infrastructure investment. This model finds the optimized point where the profitability is balanced with the repayment capacity, with the use of the concept of utility function and multi-objective GA (Generic Algorithm)-based optimization. A case study is presented to show the validity of the model and its verification. The research conclusions provide a proper capital structure for privately-financed infrastructure projects through a proposed multi-objective model.

Environmental Exposure and Health Inequality by Socio-economic Position among Older People (지역사회 노인의 사회경제적 위치에 따른 환경유해인자 노출과 건강 불평등)

  • Lee, Seyune;Kim, Hongsoo;Jung, Young-Il;Choi, Yoon-Hyeong;Lee, Kiyoung;Yu, Seung-do;Hong, Yun-Chul
    • 한국노년학
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.349-367
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    • 2014
  • The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between socio-economic position(SEP), environmental exposures, and health of older people in Korea. This study used the data from 'Environmental Exposures and Their Health Effect in Korean Elderly Population'. The sample includes a total of 563 elderly people who were 60 years of age or older. Data on SEP, environmental exposure, and health impact were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate regressions. As a result, study participants' SEP including age, family type, monthly expenditure, type of house, and region was significantly associated with environmental exposure. Also, while adjusting for SEP, environmental exposure such as allowing indoor smoking was associated with self-rated health and depression of study participants. The study findings showed inequality in environmental exposure and health outcomes by SEP in Korean elderly. Environmental exposure was associated with health outcome even after adjusting SEP, and this implied that environmental exposure could be a critical factor in explaining heath inequality by SEP. Further studies are necessary to better understand the causal relationships among SEP, environmental exposure, and health outcomes.

An Examination of the Effectiveness of Crisis Response Strategies for Repairing Competence and Integrity Violations

  • Sung, Yen-yi;Lee, Han-joon;Park, Jong-chul
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.129-154
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    • 2013
  • Product-harm crises, which are connected to defective or dangerous products, are perceived as the most common threats to a company. Product harm crises can distort long standing favorable equality perceptions, tarnish a company's reputation, cause major revenue and market-share losses, lead to costly product recalls, and devastate a carefully nurtured brand equity. However, in spite of the devastating impact of product-harm crises, little systematic research exists to asses its marketing consequences. So, the purpose of this study is to investigate how Koreans react to the crisis response in the aftermath of different crises(competence violation vs. integrity violation) and inspire additional research in crisis communication. This study has three main findings which run counter to the assumptions of Kim et al.(2007). Namely, the current study expands on the research of Kim et al. (2004, 2007) by examining how companies repair customers' trust and corporate attitude after crises. Different from previous studies, this study assumes that apology for an integrity-based crisis is the most appropriate way to repair consumer trust and corporate attitude. As for competence-based crisis, similarly, apology for competence-based crisis can be more successful repairing consumer trust and corporate attitude. Concerning silence strategy, remaining silent dose not admit or deny guilt right away, but instead of asking the perceiver to withhold judgment, suggesting that, silence could be expected to be superior to apology but inferior to denial. Finally, apology for competence violation will be expected to bemore effective than apology for integrity violation. Research conceptual model was as follows: According to the results, apology is found to be the most effective strategy to repair corporate attitude no matter the crisis is perceived as a violation of competence or integrity. Second, company may consider keeping silent as a desirable response because they does not admit nor deny responsibility but ask the public to withhold judgment. However, the result of this study shows that, in the overall crisis situations, silence strategy did not differ significantly from the denial strategy, which suggested that the public wants explanation instead of uncertainty. Third, there was the interaction effect between crisis type and crisis response strategies. In this study, apology is more effective for the competence violated situation in terms of regaining consumer trust and repairing their attitude toward company, while the apology's effectiveness is lower for the integrity-violated situation. More specifically, when the crisis is perceived due to company's lack of ability(competence violation), consumer's trust belief and attitude toward the company is more easily to repair when the company issued a sincere apology. Damaged product is perceived less intentional so participants are more likely to give the company second chance when they apology to the public. By contrast, exaggerated advertisement(integrity violation) is perceived intentionally and thus makes participants angrier toward the accused company. Although apology is perceived as the most effective strategy, when issuing apology, it also means the company admitted their intention. Therefore, in this kind of crisis situation, trust repair needs not only a sincere apology but additional efforts.

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Informative Role of Marketing Activity in Financial Market: Evidence from Analysts' Forecast Dispersion

  • Oh, Yun Kyung
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • v.15 no.3
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    • pp.53-77
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    • 2013
  • As advertising and promotions are categorized as operating expenses, managers tend to reduce marketing budget to improve their short term profitability. Gauging the value and accountability of marketing spending is therefore considered as a major research priority in marketing. To respond this call, recent studies have documented that financial market reacts positively to a firm's marketing activity or marketing related outcomes such as brand equity and customer satisfaction. However, prior studies focus on the relation of marketing variable and financial market variables. This study suggests a channel about how marketing activity increases firm valuation. Specifically, we propose that a firm's marketing activity increases the level of the firm's product market information and thereby the dispersion in financial analysts' earnings forecasts decreases. With less uncertainty about the firm's future prospect, the firm's managers and shareholders have less information asymmetry, which reduces the firm's cost of capital and thereby increases the valuation of the firm. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to examine how informational benefits can mediate the effect of marketing activity on firm value. To test whether marketing activity contributes to increase in firm value by mitigating information asymmetry, this study employs a longitudinal data which contains 12,824 firm-year observations with 2,337 distinct firms from 1981 to 2006. Firm value is measured by Tobin's Q and one-year-ahead buy-and-hold abnormal return (BHAR). Following prior literature, dispersion in analysts' earnings forecasts is used as a proxy for the information gap between management and shareholders. For model specification, to identify mediating effect, the three-step regression approach is adopted. All models are estimated using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to test the statistical significance of the mediating effect. The analysis shows that marketing intensity has a significant negative relationship with dispersion in analysts' earnings forecasts. After including the mediator variable about analyst dispersion, the effect of marketing intensity on firm value drops from 1.199 (p < .01) to 1.130 (p < .01) in Tobin's Q model and the same effect drops from .192 (p < .01) to .188 (p < .01) in BHAR model. The results suggest that analysts' forecast dispersion partially accounts for the positive effect of marketing on firm valuation. Additionally, the same analysis was conducted with an alternative dependent variable (forecast accuracy) and a marketing metric (advertising intensity). The analysis supports the robustness of the main results. In sum, the results provide empirical evidence that marketing activity can increase shareholder value by mitigating problem of information asymmetry in the capital market. The findings have important implications for managers. First, managers should be cognizant of the role of marketing activity in providing information to the financial market as well as to the consumer market. Thus, managers should take into account investors' reaction when they design marketing communication messages for reducing the cost of capital. Second, this study shows a channel on how marketing creates shareholder value and highlights the accountability of marketing. In addition to the direct impact of marketing on firm value, an indirect channel by reducing information asymmetry should be considered. Potentially, marketing managers can justify their spending from the perspective of increasing long-term shareholder value.

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Restructuring Enterprise Brand through Migration of the Brand Equity : A Case Analysis of AJU Capital (브랜드 자산의 이동을 통한 기업브랜드의 재구축: 아주캐피탈 사례 분석)

  • Hong, Sung-Tae;Na, Woon-Bong;Son, Young-Seok
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • v.12 no.4
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    • pp.183-201
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    • 2011
  • In case of Aju capital, it adopted a strategy to use a single brand not two separate brands after M&A was completed. In order to implement this strategy, it has endeavored to effectively process the work of shifting existing marketing infrastructure of DAEWOO capital, the mergee, spending enough transition time for the brand migration. In the process of merging, Aju capital picked the strategy to use the brand of mergee first, which is the Daewoo Capital brand, and then took a transition time for a while to converge to the single brand of Aju capital. Putting another way, even if the M&A deal was completed back in 2005, it maximized the effect of launching its final brand "Aju capital" by capitalizing on the positive image of "Daewoo" during the transition time and changing its name just in the right moment. In a bid to implement this strategy successfully, it established a cautious but sophisticated brand migration strategy. 1) "Brand bridge" strategy through reinforcing brand power of "Naegeron", which is an individual product brand of Daewoo Capital 2) Establishing a good brand image through reinforcing customer satisfaction 3) It implemented and completed its brand transition initiative by going through the step of Aju Capital brand unification (from Sept 09 to present) Currently, the sales unit of Aju Capital is realizing quality growth through specialization. It's strategy is to construct a systematic sales portfolio in terms of both quality and quantity through product-by-product specialization where the existing practice was selling a variety of products in a single branch. Back in 2009, it opened a branch that specialize in imported cars and expanded its used car business to 6 specialized locations. Besides, the specialized locations for personal loan named "Naegeron" was expanded from 3 to 11 locations. Recently, it is expected that it will inject vigor to retail and corporate financing business alongside with its core business, which is auto financing.

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The Effects of Corporate Corresponding Time on the Negativity Publicity (부정적 언론보도에 대한 기업의 대응시점 효과)

  • Jongchul Park;Woojun An;Hanjun Lee
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • v.12 no.4
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    • pp.113-136
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    • 2011
  • Product harm crises can distort long standing favorable equality perceptions, tarnish a company's reputation, cause major revenue and market-share losses, lead to costly product recalls, and devastate a carefully nurtured brand equity. However, in spite of the devastating impact of product-harm crises, little systematic research exists to asses its marketing consequences. So, this study focuses on the negative publicity about companies and their products. Namely, this study presented how inclusion effect supported the relationship between negative publicity and consumers' response, market performance. According to the results, after negativity publicity was happened, it was appeared that the negativity image spread into other product lines(spillover effect; inclusion effect). Also, when they contact with the negative publicity, respondents negatively evaluated both production evaluation and corporate evaluation. And, in that case of the products with negativity publicity, compared with refutation strategy(defense strategy<study 2>), improving strategy(correction notice) had positive influence on recovery of sales, product evaluation, and corporate evaluation. Finally, as the reaction time toward negativity publicity was faster, the market performance got worse. Especially, according to two-way interaction, when the reaction time was fast, the difference between refutation strategy(defense strategy<study 2>) and improving strategy was not existed in product evaluation and corporate evaluation. However, when the reaction time was late(after a month), improving strategy had more positive evaluation than defense strategy in product evaluation, and corporate evaluation.

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Case Study: Brand Management of Jinro Chamisul ("브랜드는 만드는 것이 아니라 가꾸는 것이다." 참이슬의 장수 브랜드 전략)

  • Ha, Young Won;Park, Kyungdo;Hur, Won-Moo
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.59-79
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    • 2008
  • This study explores ways in which Korean companies manage a brand to become a long-run success. In particular, this study focuses on Chamisul, analyzing its marketing strategy, examining its brand life-cycle in terms of introduction, growth, and renewal. Chamisul, first introduced in 1998, has occupied the Korean liquor market as a leading brand for almost a decade. Chamisul's long-run success, in fact, depends upon a number of reasons; first, it has consistently and continuously keeps its own core brand concept and identity. Second, it has built its brand asset by strengthening its emotional ties with customers. The emotional connection that Chamisul has built is based upon the trust between the company who produces the product and the customers who recognize the benefit of drinking Chamisul. Third, the company creates various brand differentiation programs, thereby allowing its customer to get familier with the brand. Finally, the company sets up a clear management standard in Korean liquar market in order to maintain the vitality of the brand, managing Chamisul in accordance with the standard. Seen in this light, Chamisul's success reflects the marketing activities and strategies that play a fundamental role in creating and maintaining a long-run brand. Similarly, its success can be seen to be a model for brand management, telling us how to become a market leader through an effective brand management.

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Effects of Brand Performance Information on Brand Evaluation: The Moderating Role of Personal Characteristics (브랜드의 시장성과 정보가 브랜드 평가에 미치는 효과: 개인특성 변수의 조절효과를 중심으로)

  • Jun, Sung Youl;Ju, Tae Wook;Kim, Do Hyung
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.149-172
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    • 2009
  • Prior research has investigated different effects of brand performance information such as premium price information and market share information on brand equity components - quality perception and brand preference. It was shown that the differential effects of brand performance information could depend on product-related variables like product category concept and quality variation in the product category. In this study, we conducted an experiment to find out how personal characteristics such as self-construal, price perception and brand commitment could influence the effects of different types of brand performance information. The results show that individuals who have independent self-construal, favorable price perception and emotional commitment with the brand develop more favorable evaluation of the premium price performance information resulting in more positive evaluations of the brand. However, individuals who have interdependent self-construal, unfavorable price perception and cognitive commitment with the brand develop more favorable evaluation of the market share performance information resulting in more positive evaluations of the brand. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of this study and its limitations, along with future research interests.

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Verification of the Effects of Student-led Simulation with Team and Problem-Based Learning Class Training during COVID-19 (COVID-19시기의 예비간호사 training을 위한 학생주도 팀기반 문제중심학습 시뮬레이션 수업 효과검증)

  • Hana Kim;Mi-Ock Shim;Jisan Lee
    • Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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    • v.32 no.4
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    • pp.27-39
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    • 2023
  • This study aimed to develop SSTPBL (Student-led Simulation with Team and Problem-Based Learning), whichcombines TBL and PBL with a student-led method to strengthen knowledge application, nursing diagnosis ability, and collaboration ability among the core competencies of nurses. Then, SSTPBL was applied to nursing students, and the results were assessed. The data was collected from September 15, 2022, to December 21, 2022, with structured questionnaires and focus group interviews with 51 fourth-year nursing students at a university in A City. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 and topic analysis. As a results, it was effective in simulation experience satisfaction(t = 3.51, p < .01), vSim experience satisfaction(t = 3.50, p < .01), preparation as a prospective nurse(t = 3.73, p < .01), learning self-efficacy(t = 3.87, p < .01), collaborative self-efficacy (t = 4.30, p < .01), problem-solving ability(t = 5.26, p < .01), educational satisfaction(t = 3.54, p < .01), digital health equity(t = 2.18, p < .05). Through the qualitative data's topic analysis, six main topics were derived. The main topics were 'similar to clinical practice', 'difficulty in immersion', 'learning through others', 'learning through self-reflection', 'improving confidence through new experiences' and 'new teaching methods'. Based on the results of this study, it is expected that SSTPBL can be used in various ways as a new training method for prospective nurses in the face of growing clinical practice restrictions after the pandemic.