• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.144-155
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• 1994

재배양식(栽培樣式)을 달리하여 생육하는 벼와 피의 줄기 표면(表面) 및 최외곽(最外廓) 표피세포(表皮細胞)의 미세구조(微細構造) 차이(差異)를 파악하여 제초제(除草劑) 사용원리(使用原理)와 잡초방제요점(雜草防除要點)을 연관지어 밝히고자 주사전자현미경(走査電子顯微鏡)(SEM)과 투사전자현미경(投射電子顯微鏡)(TEM)을 이용(利用)하여 연구(硏究)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 줄기의 표면구조(表面構造) 차이(差異) 가. 건답조건(乾畓條件)에서는 표면(表面)벼와 토중(土中)벼간에 차이(差異)가 인정되지 않았으나 표면(表面)벼가 토중(土中)벼에 비하여 더 매끄러운 표면(表面)을 형성하였다. 건답직파(乾畓直播)는 최외부층의 납질(蠟質)구조가 아령모양(啞鈴模樣)을 하고 있으며 기공열(氣孔列)과 규산세포열(硅酸細胞列)이 있으나 피는 납질(蠟質)이 실모양이며 모용, 기공열(氣孔列) 및 규산세포열(硅酸細胞列)은 없었다. 나. 담수직파(湛水直播)된 벼 줄기표면(表面)은 미분화(未分化)된 조직(組織)의 상태(狀態)를 나타내며 모용, 규산세포열(硅酸細胞列) 및 기공열(氣孔列)이 발견되지 않았다. 다. 이앙후(移秧後) 8일(日) 및 25일(日)된 묘(苗)의 표면구조(表面構造)는 건답직파(乾沓直播)벼의 구조(構造)보다 기공열(氣孔列), 규산세포열(硅酸細胞列), 납질(蠟質) 및 모용의 발달(發達)이 더 많았다. 2. 최외부(最外部) 세포벽구조(細胞壁構造) 차이(差異) 가. 최외부(最外部) 납질(蠟質)두께는 이앙(移秧)벼가 가장 두꺼웠고 건답(乾沓)벼가 피나 담수(湛水)벼보다 2~6배 두꺼웠다. 나. 벼의 큐티클층(層)은 이앙(移秧)벼와 건답(乾沓)벼보다는 담수(湛水)벼가 두꺼웠으나 반대로 담수(湛水)피보다는 건답(乾沓)피가 두꺼웠고 전반적으로는 피보다 벼가 더 두꺼웠다. 다. 세포벽(細胞壁)은 이앙벼가 가장 두꺼웠고 피보다는 벼가, 건답(乾沓)벼보다 담수(湛水)벼가 그리고 건답(乾沓)피보다 담수(湛水)피가 두꺼웠다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.128-143
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• 1994

다양(多樣)한 재배양식(栽培樣式)하에서 파종(播種)및 이앙(移秧)한 5, 10, 15, 20일간 생장한 벼와 피를 굴취하여 해부학적(解剖學的) 특성차이(特生差異)를 검토(檢討)하고자 광학현미경(光學顯微鏡)으로 줄기, 잎, 뿌리의 구조(構造)를 각각(各各) 관찰(觀察)하였으며 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 줄기의 해부학적(解剖學的) 특성(特性) 차이(差異) 가. 5DAS/T째 벼와 피의 줄기종단(縱斷)을 통한 해부학적(解剖學的) 차이(差異)는 벼는 피보다 엽(葉)의 분화(分化)가 느리고 측아형성(側芽形成)도 적었으며, 분열조직(分裂組織) 신장(伸長)도 피보다 적었다. 나. 담수조건(湛水條件)보다 건답(乾沓)에서 생장속도(生長速度)가 빨랐고 줄기종단(縱斷)에 의한 벼는 엽초가 두껍고, 최외층(最外層) 세포(細胞)가 정교(精巧)하며, 규칙적(規則的)으로 배열(配列)되어 있으나 피는 엽초가 짧고 거칠며 성기고 큰 세포(細胞)들이 불규칙적(不規則的)으로 배열(配列)되어 있는 것이 특징이었다. 다. 건답(乾沓)벼에서의 엽시원체(葉始原體)는 세포내용물(細胞內容物)이 있었던 반면 담수조건(湛水條件)에서는 세포내용물(細胞內容物)이 없는 통기세포(通氣細胞)가 발달하였다. 라. 이앙(移秧)벼에서는 직파(直播)벼에 비해 많은 엽시원체(葉始原體)가 분화(分化)되었고 큰 통기강(通氣腔)들이 발달하였다. 2. 잎의 해부학적(解剖學的) 특성(特性) 차이(差異) 가. 벼의 표피세포(表皮細胞)는 작고 치밀(緻密)한 배열(配列)을 하며 우두상세포(牛頭狀細胞)가 존재(存在)하고 엽물세포(葉肉細胞)에 엽록소(葉綠素)가 있는 반면, 피는 표피세포(表皮細胞)가 크고 성기게 배열(配列)되어 있으며 유관속초세포에 엽록소(葉綠素)가 있고 우두상세포(牛頭狀細胞) 없었다. 엽신(葉身)의 단위(單位)길이당(當) 유관속수(維管束數)는 벼끼리는 차이(差異)가 인정되지 않으나 피는 벼보다 더 많았고, 피는 건답(乾沓)보다 담수(湛水)가 더 많았다. 다. 5DAS/T째 엽신(葉身)의 두께는 이앙(移秧)벼보다는 직파(直播)벼, 건답조건(乾畓條件)보다는 담수조건(湛水條件)에서 피보다 벼가 더 컸으며 직파(直播)벼에 비하여 이앙(移秧)벼는 표피세포(表皮細胞)와 세포벽이 비후화(肥厚化)되었고 엽신(葉身)이 우두상세포(牛頭狀細胞)(기동세포(機動細胞)) 부위에서 굴곡(屈曲)되어 되어 전개(展開)되었다. 3. 뿌리의 해부학적(解剖學的) 특성(特性) 차이(差異) 가. 벼와 피의 근구조(根構造)의 기본적인 차이는 근단(根端)으로부터의 거리에 따라 보면 1mm 부위는 직경(直徑)이 피보다 벼가 크고, 벼의 표피세포(表皮細胞)는 좁고 긴 타원형(楕圓形) 세포(細胞)로 배열(配列)되어 있고, 표피(表皮) 아래층(層)에 외피층(外皮層)이 존재하며 후벽세포(厚壁細胞)가 형성(形成)된 것이 특징(特徵)이고 각(各) 세포(細胞)가 조밀(稠密)하게 배열(配列)된데 비해 피는 크고 둥근 타원형세포로 된 표피세포(表皮細胞)가 있고 외피층(外皮層)과 후벽세포(厚壁細胞)가 없으며 성기게 배열(配列)되어 있었다. 나. 재배양식(我培樣式)에 따른 차이에 있어서 근단(根端) 5mm 부위(部位)의 건답(乾沓짧)벼의 뿌리는 세포내용물(細胞內容物)이 있고 세포배열(細胞配列)이 규칙적(規則的)이며 세포간극(細胞問隙)이나 통기세포(通氣細胞)가 관찰되지 않았으나, 건담(乾沓) 및 담수(湛水)피는 핵(核)이 없고 세포배열(細胞配列)이 불규칙적(不規則的)인 경향(京鄕)이었다. 다. 담수(湛水)벼는 세포간극(細胞間隙)과 통기세포(通氣細胞)가 잘 발달(發達)되고 표피세포(表皮細胞)가 아주 작으며 조밀(稠密)하게 배열(配列)되고 그 아래엔 외피층(外皮層)이 형성되어 있는 것이 특징이었다. 라. 이앙(移秧)벼의 뿌리는 같은 담수상태(湛水狀態)의 직파(直播)벼와도 달리 치밀(緻密)하고 규칙적(規則的)인 표피세포(表皮細胞) 배열(配列)과 세포간극(細胞間隙)의 발달(發達), 핵(核)이 있는 왕성(旺盛)한 세포(細胞)들로 구성(構成)되어 있었다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2006

We investigated the effects of 835-MHz electromagnetic field (EMF), one of the most popular communication frequency band in Korean code-division multiple-access (CDMA) mobile phone system, on cellular signal transduction. For this, we examined the change of intracellular calcium $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and F-actin polymerization after exposure to 835-MHz EMF followed by the treatment of agonists in Rat-2 fibroblast cells. Culture cells were pretreated with serum-tree medium and concomitantly exposed to 835-MHz at specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4.0 W/kg for 24 hr in a specialized designed apparatus based on Transverse Electro Magnetics (TEM) wave theory. Intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ responses to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in Rat-2 fibroblast after exposure to 835-MHz EMF were shown to be similar pattern as observed in normal cultured cells. However, the LPA-induced calcium spiking was slightly delayed to 7 sec and sustained thereafter to a little higher ground level under 835-MHz EMF radiation compared to unexposed cells. ROS production level by LPA in the exposed cells was not different from that in control. Furthermore, LPA induced the production of stress fibers with no significant difference in the exposed and unexposed cells. These results suggest that mobile phone radiation (835-MHz, SAR 4.0 W/kg) may not be directly related to signal transduction in Rat-2 fibroblasts except the slight effect of calcium spiking in LPA-induced cells but remain to be further elucidated for possible indirect intervention.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.315-320
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the recurrence pattern and characteristics of patients based on the 2013 St. Gallen surrogate molecular subtypes after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) in Chinese women. Methods: This retrospective analysis included 709 consecutive breast cancer patients undergoing BCS from 1999-2010 at our institution. Five different surrogate subtypes were created using combined expression of the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2. Locoregional relapse-free survival (LRRFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were calculated. Results: The 5-year LRRFS, DMFS, and DFS rates were 90.5%, 88.2%, and 81.5%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that young age, node-positive disease, and HER2 enrichment were independent prognostic factors in LRRFS patients. There was also an independent prognostic role of lymph node-positive disease in DMFS and DFS patients. Patients with luminal A tumors had the most favorable prognosis, with LRRFS, DMFS, and DFS rates of 93.2%, 91.5%, and 87.4% at 5 years, respectively. Conversely, HER-2-enriched tumors exhibited the highest rate of locoregional recurrence (20.6%). Conclusion: Surrogate subtypes present with significant differences in RFS, DMFS, and LRRFS. Luminal A tumors have the best prognosis, whereas HER2-enriched tumors have the poorest.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제12권2호통권17호
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• pp.63-73
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• 2006

In the original plant of Arisaematis Rhizomas, the features of external and internal shape of Arisaema amurense var. serratum $N_{AKAI}$ and A. amurense $_{MAXIM}$. are as follows. 1. In the external shape of original plant, Arisaema amurense var. serratum $N_{AKAI}$ has high stem, an oval-elliptic leaflet and a serrate leaf margin. But A. amurense $M_{AXIM}$ has a relatively low stem, an upside oval leaflet and no serrate leaf margin. 2. On the herbs character of original plant, Ansaema amurense var. serratum $N_{AKAI}$ is small in height and diameter, but A. amurense $M_{AXIM}$ is relatively large in height and diameter. 3. On the gathered herbs character of original plant, the section of Arisaema amurense var. serratum $N_{AKAI}$ is brightly white, easily spilt and strong scent. But the section of A. amurense $M_{AXIM}$ is thin yellowish brown, not easily spilt and weak scent. Also the grade of gathered herbs, both can be classified by diameter and external scent. 4. In the current herbs character, Korean and Sichuan Province products are irregullar shape and have no scent, Jilin Province products are regular shape. Also, Guangxi Province products are small size and concave in one side, Hebei Province products are irregular size and shape. 5. In internal shape of original plant, epidermal cell of Arisaema amurense var. serratum is very tight. With the except of micro difference in parenchyma cell of cortex, on the whole there are nearly no differences with A. amurense $M_{AXIM}$. Also, samely in the internal shape, according to collecting sites, epidermis exhibits a lot layer in curving state and secreting duct is developed and vascular bundle and exists between parenchyma cell of cortex. In the future, additional study is needed to distinguish herb and effect between same genus-degree of relatedness.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.283-290
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• 2011

The recent increase of colon, breast, and prostate cancer incidence in Korea has been attributed to a diet pattern change to a more Western style, in which the foods eaten are higher in protein and fat. Whether high protein intake itself stimulates tumor cell growth and exacerbates disease status has been investigated, however, many epidemiological studies have inconsistent results between meat intake and the risk of certain cancers. These inconsistent results are partly because of the difficulty of studying the effects of just the meat intake. Other factors, such as overall meal context, could not be completely excluded in the study. To address the question of whether high protein itself is independently associated with carcinogenesis, we initiated ICR mice with 200 nmol ($50{\mu}g$) 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and fed animals either a normal diet (ND, 14% casein) or a high protein diet (HPD, 50% casein) for 15 weeks with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) promotion in two-stage skin carcinogenesis protocol. There was no significant difference between ND and HPD group in food intake and body weight throughout the experiment. However, tumor multiplicity of the HPD group was decreased by 75.5% compared to that of the ND group. In addition, HPD inhibited skin hyperplasia and epidermal cell proliferation. Western analyses with whole skin lysates showed that HPD inhibited TPA-induced Akt (S473), S6K (T389), 4E-BP1 (Thr 37/46) and Erk1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) phosphorylation as well as COX-2 expression. Taken together, these data suggest that a high protein diet has an anticarcinogenic effect by inhibiting the TPA-induced Akt signaling pathway.

• ALGAE
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.249-256
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• 2009

The occurrence of Laminarionema elsbetiae (Ectocarpaceae, Phaeophyceae), as epi-endophyte of Rhodymenia pseudopalmata (Rhodymeniales, Rhodophyta), described from Santa Isabel, Rawson, Argentina. L. elsbetiae grows in the host tissues forming epi-endophytic relationship in the epidermal, cortical and medullar layers. Epiphytic thalli of L. elsbetiae were unbranched filaments emerging from hostis surface. Reproductive structures of L. elsbetiae on the host were absent. On the contrary, free cultured individuals formed different reproductive structures. Macrozoosporangia containing a single large motile zoospore originated from vegetative cells, they were conical to cylindrical in shape, 30-50 ${\mu}m$ in length and 18-20 ${\mu}m$ in wide. Uniseriate plurilocular zoosporangia were cylindrical shape, 40 ${\mu}m$ in length and 10-13 ${\mu}m$ in wide. Sexual fusion was not seen. In mixed cultures of L. elsbetiae with R. pseudopalmata fronds, L. elsbetiae infected the host, grew as in natural host and, formed macrosporangia between host subcortical cells. Gametophytes of L. elsbetiae were filaments with diffuse growth, branched with a branch pattern alternate or opposite. Gametangia were plurilocular, uni or biseriate and lateral. When mature they contained 2 to 6 isogametes. The presence L. elsbetiae on R. pseudopalmata could be defined as an epi-endophytic relationship. The percentage of infection of R. pseudopalmata thalli by L. elsbetiae was 34%.A25% of the infected thalli presented a low, non-symptomatic level infection, whereas a 62% and a 13% of them exhibited respectively moderate and high indexes of infection.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권18호
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• pp.7597-7602
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• 2014

Background: Amplification and overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) oncogene has considerable prognostic value in breast and gastric cancers. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency, overexpression pattern, clinical significance, and concordance between the results for protein expression and gene amplification of HER-2/neu in gastric and gastro-esophageal junction carcinomas. Materials and Methods: In this study, 101 gastric tissue samples which were included in tissue microarray were immunohistochemically examined for overexpression of HER2/neu. Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) was used for HER-2/neu amplification. The correlation of HER2/neu amplification with clinicopathological parameters was also assessed. In addition, concordance between CISH and IHC was detected. Results: This study demonstrated a significant difference in the overexpression of HER2/neu in gastric tumors. The overexpression of HER2/neu was significantly higher in intestinal type, poorly differentiated grade, large size ($5cm{\leq}$) and positive nodal involvement tumors (p-value=0.041, 0.015, 0.038 and 0.071, respectively). Also, amplification of HER2/neu according to CISH test, had a significant positive correlation with tumor size and tumor type (p-value=0.018 and 0.058, respectively).Concordance between CISH and IHC was 76.9% in 101 evaluable samples. Conclusions: IHC/CISH differences were attributed to basolateral membranous immunoreactivity of glandular cells resulting in incomplete membranous reactivity and/or a higher rate of tumor heterogeneity in gastric cancers compared to breast cancers. Therefore, this can be a potential marker for targeted therapy of malignant gastric tumors.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제82권3호
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• pp.260-270
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• 1993

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 운향과(芸香科) 식물 8속(屬) 15종류(種類)의 엽맥상(葉脈相)과 기공의 형태를 중심으로 종(種) 및 속(屬) 간(間)의 유연(類緣) 관계(關係)를 구명(究明)하였던 바 그 결과를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 운향과(芸香科)의 엽맥형태는 환주맥(環走脈)과 반연주맥(半緣走脈) 및 방사상곡주맥(放射狀曲走脈) 등(等) 3개유형(個類型)으로 구분되었고, 초피나무 아과(亞科)에 포함되던 쥐나무속(屬)이 황벽나무속(屬)과 같은 방사상(放射狀) 곡주맥(曲走脈)을 갖는것이 특징(特徵)이었다. 엽맥상(葉脈相)에 의한 진화(進化)는 환주맥(環走脈)의 감귤아과(亞科)에서 반연주맥(半緣走脈)의 초피나무아과(亞科)를 거쳐 황벽나무와 쥐나무의 방사상(放射狀) 곡주맥(曲走脈)으로 진화(進化)한것으로 나타났다. 운향과(芸香科)의 기공형태(氣孔形態)는 불규칙형(不規則形)(Anomocytic type)과 고리형 (Actinocytic type) 으로 나누어 지고, 표피세포(表皮細胞)의 모양도 파상형(波狀形)과 장방형(長方形) 및 중간형(中間形)으로 구분되었으며, 기공((氣孔)의 크기와 밀도간(密度間)에는 1% 수준(水準)에서 부(負)의 상관(相關)이 인정(認定)되었다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.213-219
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• 2017

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disease characterized by chronic and relapsing inflammatory dermatitis with immunological disturbances. Spleen deficiency (脾虛) is one of the major causes of AD, so development of animal model is required for AD research that reflects the pattern identification. The groups that we have used in this study included Senna folium extracts (SFE), 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), and normal mice. Therefore, the present study was developed to atopic dermatitis mouse model with spleen deficiency in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and senna leaves extracts induced AD in NC/Nga mice. The results demonstrated that senna leaves extract treatment significantly increased the dermatitis clinical score and epidermal thickness in AD-like skin lesions. We also proved beyond doubt that there was occurrence of erythema and skin moisture indices in the senna leaves extract groups. Further, we also found that the level of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the senna leaves extract-treated group was increased. The amount of IL-4, IL-13, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $TGF-{\beta}$ mRNA determined by real-time PCR was increased remarkably when senna leaves extract groups were treated on dorsal skin. Senna leaves extract groups significantly promoted the number of CD11B+/Gr-1 cell in skin, as well as the number of CD4+/CD8+ cell in dorsal skin compared with control. The review summarizes recent process in our understanding of the immunopathophysiology of spleen deficiency AD and the implications for spleen deficiency mouse models of AD on drug discovery from medical plants.