• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.965-970
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• 2003

This study has been performed to develope a method for the simultaneous determination of 1,4-dioxane (DOX), epichlorohydrin (EPC), propylene chlorohydrin (PCH), ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH) and 1,3-dichloro-2-pro-panol (DCP) in polysorbates, chloline chloride, choline bitartrate, modified starch and spices by purge and trapgas chromatography. Experimental design was used to select a suitable trap by measuring the limit of detection (LOD) and to investigate the effect of temperature and salt of extraction, and the percentage of recovery in various matrix. The LOD of DOX, EPC, PCH, ECH and DCP were 1.38$\mu\textrm{g}$, 0.23$\mu\textrm{g}$, 3.30$\mu\textrm{g}$, 3.97$\mu\textrm{g}$, 20.43$\mu\textrm{g}$ respectively, by means of using Vorcarb 3000 trap with 5$0^{\circ}C$ sample sparger. Excluding EPC, the recoveries of target compounds were above 90% in all matrix. Target compounds in polysorbates (17), choline chloride (5), choline bitartrate (5), modified starch (8) and spices (25) were not detected. But 2.5 ppm of DOX was detected in Tween 80.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.676-681
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• 2014

Licorice, widely used as a herbal medicine, has flavonoids such as liquiritin and its aglycone, liquiritigenin that show anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Licorice flavonoid-loaded cellulose hydrogels were prepared as carriers for skin drug delivery, and their properties were investigated. The porous cellulose hydrogel was made by reacting cellulose with epichlorohydrin as a cross-linking agent in NaOH/urea(1~10%) solutions. Through studies on the rheological properties and water uptake of the hydrogel, a NaOH/urea(6%) solution was established as being optimum for the synthesis of the cellulose hydrogel containing liquiritin and liquiritigenin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of a cross-section of the prepared hydrogel indicated its porosity. In particular, in skin permeation experiments using a Franz diffusion cell, hydrogel containing the licorice flavonoids showed remarkable transdermal permeation compared to the control group. These results indicate that porous cellulose hydrogel is a potential drug delivery system to enhance the skin permeation of licorice flavonoids.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.41-49
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• 2010

Furan-containing epoxide monomers (8, 9) were designed and synthesized as carbon-neutral, environment-friendly adhesion material. Bicyclic skeleton were constructed using the Diels-Alder reaction of furan and methyl acrylate, both readily accessible starting material from a biomass via bio-refinery process. After reduction of ester functionality, resulting hydroxyl moieties were coupled to epichlorohydrin to provide the epoxy-functionalized furanic monomers (8, 9). The structure of new furanic monomers was confirmed by $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopy. As UV-curable monomers, basic properties such as UV curing time and the extent of UV curing were evaluated by photo DSC. Photo-curing shrinkages were measured by linear variable differential transformer transducer (LVDT) and the effect of molecular structure on shrinkage was considered. In addition, new synthetic compounds showed the shear strength over 3 MPa when they were photo-cured between polycarbonate plates, which indicates these compounds are feasible to use as photo-curable adhesive materials.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 2007

Objectives : Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is the major component in commercial liquid epoxy resins, which are manufactured by co-reacting bisphenol A with epichlorohydrin. This study was performed to show the developmental effects of prenatal and postnatal exposures to BADGE in male rat offspring. Methods : Mated female rats were divided into four groups, each containing 12 rats. The dosing solutions were prepared by thoroughly mixing BADGE in corn oil at the 0, 375, 1500 and 3000 mg/kg/day concentrations. Mated females were dosed once daily by oral gavage on gestation day (GD) 6 - 20 and postnatal day (PND) 0 - 21. Pregnant female dams were observed general symptoms and body weight. Also, male pups were observed the general symptoms, body weight, developmental parameters (e.g. anogenital distance, pina detachment, incisor eruption, nipple retention, eye opening, testis descent), organ pathologic changes and hormone levels of plasma. Results : Pregnant rats treated with BADGE died at a rate of about 70% in the 1500 mg/kg/day group and all rats treated with 3000 mg/kg/day died. Body weight, for male pups treated with doses of 375 mg/kg/day, was significantly lower than in the control group at PND 42, 56, and 63 (p<0.05). Evaluation of body characteristics including; separation of auricle, eruption of incisor, separation of eyelid, nipple retention, descent of testis, and separation of the prepuce in the BADGE treated group showed no difference in comparisons with the control group. AGD and adjusted AGD (mm/kg) for general developmental items in BADGE 375 mg/kg/day treated pups tended to be longer than in controls, however, these differences were not statistically significant. Relative weights of adrenal gland, lung (p<0.05), brain, epididymis, prostate, and testis (p<0.01) were heavier than in control in measures at PND 9 weeks. There were no significant changes in comparisons of histological findings of these organs. Loss of spermatids was observed in the seminiferous tubule at PND 9 weeks, but no weight changes were observed. The plasma estrogen levels were similar in the control and treatment groups at PND 3, 6 and 9 weeks. The plasma testosterone levels in the control group tended to increase with age. However, in the BADGE 375 mg/kg/day treated male pups it did not tend to increase. Conclusions : These findings suggest that BADGE is a chemical that has developmental effects consistent with it being an endocrine disruptor.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2010

Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were obtained by a polymerization reaction of epichlorohydrin (ECH) with bisphenol A (BPA) or bisphenol F (BPF). These compounds are commonly used as monomers or additives such as a polymerization stabilizer and a hydrochloric acid scavenger of epoxy resin, polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-containing organosols and polyester lacquers, that are applied to the internal surface of most canned foods to impart chemical resistance. The unreacted BADGE, BFDGE and their reaction products migrating from epoxy resin, PVC-containing organosol and/or polyester lacquer-based food packaging materials into the foods have recently become an issue of great concern because of increased customer demand for safety. This study was conducted to develop a rapid and sensitive simultaneous analysis method based on HPLC/FLD and HPLC/APCI-mass and to evaluate the concentration of BADGE, BFDGE and their metabolites, BADGE $H_2O$, BADGE $2H_2O$, BADGE HCl, BADGE 2HCl, BADGE HCl $H_2O$, BFDGE $H_2O$, BFDGE $2H_2O$, BFDGE HCl, BFDGE 2HCl and BFDGE HCl $H_2O$ for 133 canned food samples. The method provided a linearity of 0.9997-0.9999, a limit of detection of $0.01-0.13\;{\mu}g/mL$, a limit of quantitation of $0.03-0.44\;{\mu}g/mL$ and a recovery (%) of 85.64-118.18. The number of samples containing BADGE, BFDGE or their metabolites were: 28/133 (21.1%), with levels of 0.400-0.888 mg/kg being observed for aqueous foods (19/133) and 0.093-0.506 mg/kg being observed for oily foods (9/133).

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.368-374
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• 1997

Investigated ware the decomposition of mulch paper, weed occurrence, and rice growth and yield in transplanting rice culture with paper mulching in 1996 and 1997. The mulch paper were developed from domestic old corrugated container. In the experiment of 1996 where 25 percent of nitrogen fertilizer was applied as tillering fertilizer at 15 days after transplanting, it took about 28 to 40 days for the mulch paper to reach 50 percent decomposition according to types of mulch paper and fertilizer amount. The decomposition was faster in 18kg N/10a fertilization plot than in 12kg N/10a fertilization plot, and slower in the mulch paper treated with polyamidepolyamine epichlorohydrin resin(PPE) for the reinforcement of wet strength than in the mulch paper without PPE. In the experiment of 1997 where nitrogen fertilizer was not applied at tillering stage and instead 70 percent of nitrogen fertilizer was supplied as basal fertilizer, it took more than 42 days for the mulch paper(PPF treated) to reach 50 percent decomposition. Paper mulching was found to be very effective in controlling the paddy weeds at early stage of rice growth, but the efficacy, of weed control decreased especially in the mulch paper without PPE at later stage of rite growth due to the occurrence of Ludwigia prostrata in 1996. Few weeds occurred even in non-mulched plot without herbicide in 1997, rending difficulties in evaluating the efficacy of mulch paper in weed control, However, it could be deduced from the durability of mulch paper that paper mulching would have had sufficient efficacy of weed control. Rice yield was only 185kg/10a in the plot without mulching and weed control, but 657kg/10a and 771kg/10a in the paper(PPE treated) mulching plot with 12kgN/10a and 18kgN/10a, respectively, in 1996. The paper mulching plot showed rice yield similar to the weed control plot with herbicide in 1997. It would be concluded that paper mulching could ensure effective weed control and as high yield as the conventional rice cultivation with herbicidal weed control if the corresponding amount of basal nitrogen fertilizer is increased instead of omitting the nitrogen fertilizer at tillering stage.