• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.885-919
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• 2006

This paper revisits two conventional beliefs of environmental nonmarket valuation and examines their weaknesses and a new opportunity. The two beliefs are that willingness to pay (WTP) is an appropriate measure of nonmarket behaviour and that exogenous variables are relevant predictors of WTP whilst endogenous variables are not. The contemporary literature in psychology and economics is reviewed to demonstrate departures from these two beliefs. Tackling heterogeneity in stated preferences, both socio-demographic and psychological variables should be measured simultaneously to explain and predict choice behaviours more accurately.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.14-24
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• 2021

A plant community is a group of populations that coexist in space and interact directly or indirectly with the environment. In this paper, we determined the pattern of tree species composition in response to soil variables in Khadimnagar National Park (KNP), which is one of the least studied tropical forests in Bangladesh. Soil and vegetation data were collected from 71 sample plots. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) with associated Monte Carlo permutation tests (499 permutations) was carried out to determine the most significant soil variable and to explore the relationship between tree species distribution and soil variables. Soil pH and clay content (pH with p<0.01 and Clay content with p<0.05) were the most significant variables that influence the overall tree species distribution in KNP. Soil pH is related to the distribution and abundance of Syzygium grande and Magnolia champaca, which were mostly found and dominant species in KNP. Some species were correlated with clay content such as Artocarpus chaplasha and Cassia siamea. These observations suggest that both the physico-chemical properties of soil play a major role in shaping the tree distribution in KNP. Hence, these soil properties should take into account for any tree conservation strategy in this forest.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.75-88
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to investigate (1) the level of childrens' concern and behavior on the environmental preservation, (2) the influential factors related to the two dependent variables above mentioned. The subjects were 286 childrens, in October, 1997, in kwangju. The data obtained were analyzed by Mean, Person's correlation, Stepwise Regression and Path Analysis. The major findings were as follows: 1) The general tendency of the childrens' concern and behavior on the environmental preservation was over the average level. 2) According to the background variables(ie: environment information contracting time, family cohesion and adaptability, biospheric orientation, egoistic orientation), the childrens' concern on the environment was significantly different. 3) According to (1) the background variables(ie: environment information contracting time, family cohesion and adaptability, concern on the environment, biospheric orientation), (2) intermediated variable(ie: concern on the environment), the childrnes' behavior on the environmental preservation was significantly different. 4) The indirect variable of the positive influence for childrnds' behavior on the environment, environment information contracting time. The indirect variable of the negative influence for childrens' the environmental behavior was egoistic orientation.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.91-102
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• 2003

The main purpose of this research was to examine the variables that influence environment-friendly management behaviors of family resources. For this study, environment-friendly management behaviors were classified into four categories: buying, using, recycling and disposal. Another purpose of this study was to find out the levels of environmental education, environmental knowledge, and environmental consciousness among household managers. In order to determine the levels, a structured survey questionnaire was administered and data were collected from 391 housewives who live in Seoul and Jeonju. The results show that environmental consciousness and environmental knowledge affected buying and disposal behavior. There was a significant difference in using behavior by the degree of environmental consciousness. The variables that affected recycling behavior were environmental education and environmental consciousness. The level of environmental awareness was highest in ! environmental consciousness, second highest in environmental knowledge, and lowest in environmental education.

• ALGAE
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2012

Phlorotannins are common metabolites produced in kelps that can have deterrent functions against grazers. The factors dictating seasonal patterns of phlorotannin content in northeastern Pacific kelps are not well understood. This study assessed density and grazing of the gastropod Lacuna vincta on the annual canopy-forming kelp Nereocystis luetkeana and the perennial understory species Agarum clathratum, Saccharina latissima and S. groenlandica in Kachemak Bay, Alaska. In addition, we assessed seasonal patterns of environmental variables as possible drivers of phlorotannin concentrations. Phlorotannins occurred in all species, with overall lowest levels in N. luetkeana, and with different seasonal patterns among the four species. Lacuna vincta was most dense on N. luetkeana thalli in the summer and had highest grazing rates on this low-phlorotannin species. However, correlations between L. vincta density and phlorotannin content of each kelp species were not significant. Except for N. luetkeana, there were no correlations between phlorotannin levels and environmental variables. We suggest that kelp life history traits may be more important for phlorotannin patterns in these kelp species than grazers or environmental drivers.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.444-452
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• 2012

This study aims at assessing vulnerability of water quality and aquatic ecosystem to climate change by using proxy variables. Vulnerability to climate change is defined as a function of exposure to climate, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Detailed proxy variables were selected considering availability and then standardized by re-scaling concept. After adequate weights were assigned to standardized proxy variables by Delphi technique, vulnerability index was calculated. As results, vulnerability of adjacent regions to coastal areas include water quality and aquatic ecosystem is relatively higher than that of inland areas, and especially adjacent region to the western and southeast seas, and Jeju show high vulnerabilities. Vulnerability in the future was performed based on A1B scenario (IPCC, 2000). Temporally, the increase of vulnerability from 2050s to 2100s may be larger than the increase from 2000s to 2050s. Because vulnerability index was estimated through the relationship among various proxy variables, it is important to consider characteristics of local region with measurements and policies for reduction of sensitivity and enhancement of adaptive capacity on climate change. This study is expected to be useful in planning adaptation measures and selecting priority to the policy on climate change.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.809-818
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• 2019

The current trend in shipyard industry is to reduce the weight of ships to support the reduction of CO₂ emissions. In this study, the stiffened plate was optimized that is used for building most of the ship-structure. Further, this study proposed the hybrid Genetic Algorithm (GA) technique, which combines a genetic algorithm and subsequent optimization methods. The design variables included the number and type of stiffeners, stiffener spacing, and plate thickness. The number and type of stiffeners are discrete design variables that were optimized using the genetic algorithm. The stiffener spacing and plate thickness are continuous design variables that were determined by subsequent optimization. The plate deformation was classified into global and local displacement, resulting in accurate estimations of the maximum displacement. The optimization result showed that the proposed hybrid GA is effective for obtaining optimal solutions, for all the design variables.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.29-38
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• 2012

The current building energy efficiency rating certification regulation on apartment houses evaluates only the saving rate of energy consumed during operation, i.e. use, of a building, but doesn't consider the energy consumptions and environmental load($CO_2$) emissions occurring during the whole lifetime of a building. So this study calculated the energy consumptions and environmental load emissions occurring during the whole lifetime of a building, selected reference schemes and alternative items by design variables to present a design draft considering energy efficiency and environmental performance, and evaluated the total cost by combining and calculating its direct cost(material and heating cost) and indirect cost(environmental cost), for an existing apartment house as an evaluation object. As a result of analysis, the change of heating cost by alternative items of design variables showed a 4~8% change rate compared to the reference scheme, and the material cost of design variable 7 showed a maximum 4.4 times change rate in the alternative plan 6 compared to the reference scheme. The environmental cost showed a similar change rate to the material cost change rate in general, but showed a similar environmental cost change rate to the heating cost change rate in case of design variables 4-1, 4-2, 7.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.315-320
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• 2009

This study found that introduction of environmental systems and increased environmental investment have a major impact on K company's sustainable development. The analysis indicated that the environmental investment variable has a close relationship with production quantity, sales, and the amount of sludge treatment variables in K company. However, all other variables including the cost of disinfection chemicals, and the expenditure of sludge treatment have no relationship with the environmental investment variable. Additionally, short-term results show that the company's environmental expenditure variable is conversely related with the environmental performance variable.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.29-44
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• 1994

It is an urgent time to give impetus to an ecological understanding of relationship between man and environment and to promote an action to preserve environment. This paper is to examine factors which give influence to environmental education environmental consciousness and environmental behavior of housewives. The subjects of this study are 806 Seoulite housewives. A questionaire is used as the survey method and the statistical methods such as frequency percentage ANOVA multiple regression path analysis have been applied for research. Major findings are summarized as follows: Major findings are summarized as follows: When environmental education program is relatively low differences are shown according to variables of age, education and occupation. Second, when environmental consciousness is high differences are shown according to variables of age education income and housing. Third when environmental behavior is low group difference is shown only according to age. Relative influence to environmental behaviour is shown in the order of spare-life type environmental education environmental consciousness socio-oriented type fashion-oriented type and age difference.