• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.195-215
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• 2019

Geopark is a new system for development of the local economy through conservation, education, and tourism that is an area of scientific importance for the earth sciences and that has outstanding scenic values. The Hwaseong Geopark, the candidate for Korean National Geopark is composed of 10 geosites: Gojeongri dinosaur egg fossils, Ueumdo, Eoseom, Ddakseom, Goryeom, Jebudo, Baengmiri Coast, Gungpyeonhang, Ippado and Gukwado geosites. In this study, geosites, geoheritages, and geotrails of the Hwaseong Geopark were described in detail, and the value and significane as a geopark were also discussed. The geology of the Hwaseong Geopark area belonging to the Gyeonggi Massif consists of the Precambrian metamorphic and meta-sedimentary rocks, Paleozoic sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, Mesozoic igneous and sedimentary rocks, and Quaternary deposits, indicating high geodiversity. The Gojeongri Dinosaur Egg Fossils geosite, designated as a natural monument, has a geotrail including dinosaur egg nest fossils, burrows, tafoni, fault and drag fold, cross-bedding. Furthermore, a variety of infrastructures such as eco-trail deck, visitor center are well-established in the geosite. In the Ueumdo geosite, there are various metamorphic rocks (gneiss, schist, and phyllite) and geological structures (fold, fault, joint, dike, and vein), thus it has a high educational value. The Eoseom geosite has high academic value because of the orbicular texture found in metamorphic rocks. Also, various volcanic and sedimentary rocks belonging to the Cretaceous Tando Basin can be observed in the Ddakseom and Goryeom geosites. In the Jebudo, Baengmiri Coast, and Gungpyeonghang geosites, a variety of coastal landforms (tidal flat, seastacks, sand and gravel beach, and coastal dunes), metamorphic rocks and geological structures, such as clastic dikes and quartz veins can be observed, and they also provide various programs including mudflat experience to visitors. Ippado and Gukwado geosites have typical large-scale fold structures, and unique coastal erosional features and various Paleozoic schists can be observed. The Hwaseong Geopark consists of outstanding geosites with high geodiversity and academic values, and it also has geotrails that combine geology, geomorphology, landscape and ecology with infrastructures and various education and experience programs. Therefore, the Hwaseong Geopark is expected to serve as a great National Geopark representing the western Gyeonggi Province, Korea.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.245-250
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• 2015

We systematically analyzed the Wetland Conservation Action Plan of Gyeongsangnam Province to evaluate conservation status in local government level. Project topics were categorized into 1) wetland infrastructure, 2) wetland conservation and wise use, 3) education and awareness, and 4) conservation framework. From 2010 to 2013, 42 projects (145 cases, 88,899 million won) were implemented by 14 affiliated organizations under Gyeongsangnam Provincial Government. The number of projects and budget size has been decreased over 4 years, besides most of main projects were continued. The budgets were largely used for wetland project of cities and counties. Development and implementation of various conservation projects may have considerable potential values in wetland conservation, while it is still difficult to assess their overall effectiveness in the society. Diverse wetland management practices in Gyeongsangnam Provincial Government have accumulated fundamental practices and knowledge for an effective local conservation. These administrative experiences will further benefit other local government to establish wetland management framework. To accelerate policy diffusion to other local governments, Gyeongsangnam Province needs to promote and share leading experiences and information of wetland conservation. Enhanced local government framework by the legislation at central government will further support country-level management plans and practices.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.55
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• pp.5-25
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• 2003

This study analysed the components and characters of welfare rights through discussions of the concepts and types of universal rights, and discussions of human rights and citizenship rights. Welfare rights is claims rights which requires somewhat, and it is positive rights. And it is generally passive rights, but it contains collective participation rights which is active rights. The result of total discussions of rights, human rights, and citizenship rights led us to know the components and characters of welfare rights. Welfare rights contains social rights, economic rights, and cultural environmental rights. Social rights are composed of the right of social security, social welfare service, health, education, and residency. Economic rights are composed of the right of labor, intervension of labor market, job security, and capital control. cultural environmental rights are composed of the right of culture and environment. And welfare rights has several characters. First, it is natural rights which is bestowed on the citizens or people in modern civil societies. it is samely characterised as liberties and political rights. second, it has the same values like other rights such as lberties and political rights. Or it is more important, because it is necessary for other rights. Third, it is not the objective being which is constant, but it is changed, formed and constructed as total rights with human rights and citizenship rights. Fourth, it is truely rights, but is simultaniously accompanied by obligations. But the obligations is unconditional like as other rights. Endly, levels of welfare on the welfare rights must be modicum rather than minimum. The meaning of modicum level is uncertain, but it aims to the entire participation of peoples as citizen and social integration. And it has to aim to the prevention of heridity and continuity of inequality.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.461-480
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• 2003

This paper is to consider the new urbanization process of Daegu in the 1990s, especially with its economy, politics, social culture, environment and space. In the economic aspect, the industrial structure of Daegu has shifted from the manufacturing- centered economy to the service economy. But it has not yet overcome the linear frame of industrial structure still relying on the textile industry, though the degree of industrial specialization has increased in the part of the fabricated metal products and the precision and optical instrument. In the political situation that the implementation of the local self-government has made the relation between localities more competitive, the local government of Daegu has led a boom for boosting the regional economic growth, organizing private-public-research relations to improve the weakening regional investment and production function. In the social and cultural aspect of the new urbanization, the investment into the soft-ware facilities has been increased, and the urban festivals have been changed so as to revitalize the regional economy. In the environmental aspect, as the self-government system has launched, conflicts around values and interests of local governments have revealed frequently due to locations of infra-structures and of abhorrence facilities. Finally, seen from the spatial dimension of the city, the extension of residential areas and unregulated use of urban space have a result of inefficience of land-use, and this kind of unplanned outer expansion of the city has brought about with further separation of house and working place, and increasing distance of movements and the an urban spatial structure which requires more energy consumption.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.395-404
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• 1995

The geologic structure of the Cheju volcanic island has been investigated by analyzing the gravity and magnetic data. Bouguer gravity map shows apparent circular low anomalies at the central volacanic edifice, and the maximum difference of the anomaly values on the island appears to be 30 mgal. The subsurface structure of the island is modeled by three-dimensional depth inversion of gravity data by assuming the model consists of a stacked grid of rectangular prisms of volcanic rocks bounded below by basement rocks. The gravity modeling reveals that the interface between upper volvanic rocks and underlying basement warps downward under Mt. Halla with the maximum depth of 5 km. Magnetic data involve aeromagnetic and surface magnetic survey data. Both magnetic anomaly maps show characteristic features which resemble the typical pattern of total magnetic anomalies caused by a magnetic body magnetized in the direction of the geomagnetic field in the middle latitude region, though details of two maps are somewhat different. The reduced-to-pole magnetic anomaly maps reveal that main magnetic sources in the island are rift zones and the Halla volcanic edifice. The apparent magnetic boundaries inferred by the method of Cordell and Grauch (1985) are relatively well matched with known geologic boundaries such as that of Pyosunri basalt and Sihungri basalt which form the latest erupted masses. Inversion of aeromagnetic data was conducted with two variables: depth and susceptibility. The inversion results show high susceptibility bodies in rift zones along the long axis of the island, and at the central volcano. Depths to the basement are 1.5~3 km under the major axis, 1~1.5 km under the lava plateau and culminates at about 5 km under Mt. Halla. The prominent anomalies showing N-S trending appear in the eastern part of both gravity and magnetic maps. It is speculated that this trend may be associated with an undefined fault developed across the rift zones.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.91-95
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• 2019

The changes of plasma cortisol concentration to high water temperature on common carp, Cyprinus carpio were studied. 20℃, 24℃ and 28℃ groups showed significantly increased plasma cortisol levels until 6 hours, and decreased plasma cortisol levels after 24 hours. Cortisol levels of 20℃ and 24℃ groups decreased to values close to the cortisol content before the experiment. However, 32℃ group showed significantly increased plasma cortisol levels until 24 hours, and maintained plasma cortisol level until 48 hours. The Cumulative mortality rates of 20℃, 24℃ and 28℃ groups increased until 12 hours, and maintained until 48 hours. Cumulative mortality rate of 32℃ group increased continuously until the end of the experiment. Using the results of this study, it could be used as a method to confirm the risk of mass perish in a specific area through hormone analysis.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.289-302
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• 2018

As business activities of firms for maximizing profits has resulted in increases in economic, social and environmental problems in regional geographies, they have stimulated some social activities through enhancing their public image and justifying their conducts. In fact, firms have been given concerned with a decrease in profits due to the promotion of their social activities required by local communities. However, firms are able to create shared value resulted in added value creation centering on shareholder as well as stakeholder by expanding increases in economic and social values. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to draw an index which is able to evaluate the mechanism of virtuous circle resulted from creating shared value(hereafter CSV). At the same time, it has attempted to analyze some limits to and real effects of CSV by the index. The paper has analyzed the CSV of certificated coffee by using the index of sustainability in the Vietnamese coffee industry. The introduction of certificated coffee showed positive effects in the order of environmental, economic and social indicators. However, the structure of closed decision-making in Vinacafe, which is a state-firm, has not able to secure enough economic profits for CSV, leading to some limits to the formation of virtuous circles in the Vietnamese certificated coffee industry.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.225-235
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• 2021

To attain the long-term benefits of forest restoration in North Korea, it is important to present the economic value of reforestation. This study as aimed to evaluate the economic value based on cost-benefit analysis from the ecosystem services perspective. The benefits of reforestation were classified into ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, water supply, soil erosion control, and disaster risk reduction, and were converted into economic values to calculate comprehensive benefits. In the forest restoration scenario, an "independent forest restoration scenario (IFS)" and a "cooperation-based forest restoration scenario (CFS)" were composed in consideration of recent afforestation performance and forest policy, and the difference in the quantity of afforestation was derived as a scenario despite the same restoration period. In the IFS, it is estimated that over the next two decades, 800 thousand ha of the forest will be restored at a cost of KRW 3,829 billion, resulting in a benefit of KRW 6.87 trillion. The present benefit net value is KRW 3,39 trillion. In the CFS, it is estimated that the benefits of KRW 18,890 billion will be generated by restoring 2.2 million ha of the forest at a cost of KRW 10,053 billion. The present benefit net value is KRW 8,359 billion. In both scenarios, BCR had an economic feasibility value greater than 1, but there was a big difference in the expected benefits. In conclusion, forest restoration can have higher benefits than cost, and its value could be enhanced through forest cooperation.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.161-172
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• 2018

A mixed farming system that includes organic rice production and freshwater fish farming is being called into attention in Korean agricultural industry and rural areas in order to improve farm management and environmental conservation. This study was conducted to evaluate the environmental and ecological value of such mixed farming practices. Expert assessment and rapid assessment method (RAM) of wetland evaluation were employed for this study. Experts have responded that biodiversity conservation including amphibian and reptile habitat (2.39), aquatic insect habitat (2.36), Fishery habitat (2.34), vegetation diversity (2.13), avian habitat (2.05), and experience and education were the most important function of mixed farming. The wetland function evaluation conducted using modified RAM indicated that rice-fish mixed system showed improvements in most of the evaluated functions, compared to the conventional rice paddies. The overall wetland function of rice paddies in rice-fish mixed system was greatly improved as compared with the conventional rice paddies. Rice paddies are known to play an important role in biodiversity maintenance, and provide ecosystem services such as climate modulation and carbon reduction. Rice-fish mixed system of farming may not only improve various ecosystem services of rice paddies, but may increase farm income through value added fish farming, as well as promotion of social services such as education and maintenance of tradition. Additional research is needed for quantitative analysis of the values gained from the most improved wetland function when mixed farming system is actually put into practice, and to utilize the results in advertising of the organic rice, and in various sectors such as food, education and direct payment policy.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.451-465
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• 2015

The free-air anomalies are computed using a data set from various types of gravity measurements in the Korean Peninsula area. The gravity values extracted from the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 are used in the surrounding region. The upward continuation technique suggested by Dragomir is used in the computation of the external free-air anomalies at various altitudes. The integration radius 10 times the altitude is used in order to keep the accuracy of results and computational resources. The direct geodesic formula developed by Bowring is employed in integration. At the 1-km altitude, the free-air anomalies vary from -41.315 to 189.327 mgal with the standard deviation of 22.612 mgal. At the 3-km altitude, they vary from -36.478 to 156.209 mgal with the standard deviation of 20.641 mgal. At the 1,000-km altitude, they vary from 3.170 to 5.864 mgal with the standard deviation of 0.670 mgal. The predicted free-air anomalies at 3-km altitude are compared to the published free-air anomalies reduced from the airborne gravity measurements at the same altitude. The rms difference is 3.88 mgal. Considering the reported 2.21-mgal airborne gravity cross-over accuracy, this rms difference is not serious. Possible causes in the difference appear to be external free-air anomaly simulation errors in this work and/or the gravity reduction errors of the other. The external gravity field is predicted by adding the external free-air anomaly to the normal gravity computed using the closed form formula for the gravity above and below the surface of the ellipsoid. The predicted external gravity field in this work is expected to reasonably present the real external gravity field. This work seems to be the first structured research on the external free-air anomaly in the Korean Peninsula area, and the external gravity field can be used to improve the accuracy of the inertial navigation system.