• 환경영향평가
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.123-133
• /
• 2001

Gaussian dispersion model is the most widely used tool for the ground level air pollution simulation. Though in spite of the convenience there are important problems on the Pasquill- Gifford' stability classification scheme which was used to define the turbulent state of the atmosphere or to describe the dispersion capabilities of the atmosphere which was each covers a broad range of stability conditions, and that they were very site specific, and the vertical dispersion calculation formula on the case of the unstable atmospheric condition. This paper was carried out to revise the Gaussian dispension model for the purposed of increase the modeling performance and propose the revised model, which was composed of the turbulent characteristics in the unstable atmospheric conditions. The proposed models in this study were composed of the profile method, Monin-Obukhove length, the probability density function model and the lateral dispersion function which was composed of the turbulent parameters, $u_*$(friction velocity), $w_*$(convective velocity scale), $T_L$(lagrangian time scale) for the model specific. There were very good performance results compare with the tracer experiment result on the case of the short distance (<1415m) from the source, but increase the simulation error(%) to stand off the source in the all models. In conclusion, the revised Gaussian dispersion model using the turbulent characteristics may be a good contribution for the development of the air pollution simulation model.

• 환경영향평가
• /
• 제25권5호
• /
• pp.333-344
• /
• 2016

본 연구에서는 유류오염 지역인 유류보급 군부대 일대의 지하수에 대한 수질 측정 및 분석, 추적자시험, 지하수유형분석 등 수리지질학적 특성을 통하여 오염부지에서 나타나는 자연저감의 효과를 파악하였다. 또한 이 결과를 반영하여 최종적으로 거리별 자연 저감율 및 발현된 생분해능 등을 평가하였다. 거리에 따른 자연저감율을 평가한 결과, 선형기울기($K/V_x$)는 -0.0248로 계산되었으며 산정된 체적저감율은 $1.7{\times}10^{-3}/day$로 나타났다. 연구지역의 발현된 BTEX 총 생분해능은 9.1~10.0 mg/L의 범위(평균 9.7 mg/L)에 있으며 탈질화 과정이 약 63.6%로 가장 큰 영향을 주는 redox 과정임을 확인하였다. 본 유류오염지역의 지하수 BTEX 오염농도 평균 1.326 mg/L임을 고려할 때 생분해능은 충분할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제14권5호
• /
• pp.481-490
• /
• 2005

Surface sediments and seawater were sampled at Masan and Haengam Bays of Korea, to evaluate contamination by sewage-derived organic matter using fecal sterols, Six stream-water samples into Masan and Haengam Bays were also sampled. Total concentrations of eight sterols (coprostanol, epichloestanol, epicoprostanol, cholesterol, cholestanol, brassicasterol, stigmasterol and $\beta-sitosterol$) were in the range of $1,274\~4,768{\mu}g/g$ dry weight in suspended particulate from the stream-water, $292\~2,244{\mu}g/g$ dry weight in suspended particulate from the seawater and $4.5\~27.2{\mu}g/g$ dry weight in the sediments. Although sterol compositions in sediments, seawater and stream-water were different, cholesterol was the predominant sterol in all samples. The proportion and concentration of coprostanol, a sewage tracer, in stream-water was much higher than those in sediment and seawater. The sterol levels including coprostanol in the sediments and seawater were higher at inner basin than at the outer bay. Some molecular indices and multivariate statistical analysis were used to assess the origin of these sterols and sewage contamination in the study area. The sterol composition patterns in stream-water were mainly associated with contamination by sewage-derived organic matters and those of seawater were associated with the activities of marine-originated organisms. Sterol levels in the sediments were both from the sewage input through stream-water and the marine- originated organisms. This survey suggests that the main source/route of sewage-derived organic matters in Masan Bay is the input of stream-water into the bay.

• 한국농공학회논문집
• /
• 제50권1호
• /
• pp.25-37
• /
• 2008

When livestock facilities in Korea have been changed larger and denser, rearing conditions have been getting worse and the productivity of animal production have been decreased. Especially in the cold season, the minimized ventilation has generally been operated to save energy cost in Korea resulting in very poor environmental condition and high mortality. While the stability, suitability, and uniformity of the rearing condition are the most important for high productivity, the ventilation configuration is the most important to improve the rearing condition seasonally. But, it is so difficult to analyze the internal air flow and the environmental factors by conducting only field experiment because the weather condition is very unpredictable and unstable as well as the structural specification can not be easily changed by the researchers considering cost and labor. Accordingly, an aerodynamic computer simulation was adopted to this study to overcome the weakness of conducting field experiment and study the aerodynamic itself. It has been supposed that the airflow is the main mechanism of heat, mass, and momentum transfers. To make the simulation model accurately and actually, simplified pig models were also developed. The accuracy of the CFD simulation model was enhanced by 4.4 % of errors compared with the data collected from field experiments. In this paper, using the verified CFD model, the CFD computed internal rearing condition of the mechanically ventilated pig house were analyzed quantitatively as well as qualitatively. Later, this developed model will be computed time-dependently to effectively analyze the seasonal ventilation efficiency more practically and extensively with tracer gas decay theory.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
• /
• 제41권12호
• /
• pp.1199-1210
• /
• 2008

유역에서 물의 평균체류시간은 강우에 의해 토양에 강우 등으로 인해 수분이 침투하여 유출되기까지 소요되는 평균 시간이며, 침식, 식생분포, 유출기작 등을 지배하는 수문학적 과정을 이해하는데 중요한 요소이다. 물의 평균체류 시간을 산정하는 대표적인 방법인 방사성 동위원소에 의한 추적자법은 계산과정이 복잡하고 많은 비용이 들면서도 간접적인 방법임으로, 본 연구에서는 토양수분의 거동을 관측해 산지사면에서 물의 평균체류시간을 산정하는 보다 직접적인 방법을 고안하였다. 토양수분의 측정을 위해 광릉 국립수목원에 위치한 산림 소유역에 토양 수분 측정장비인 TDR을 설치하고 1년 동안 2시간 간격으로 깊이별 측정을 수행하였다. 토양수분을 이용해 산정된 물의 체류시간은 대상유역의 불투수 지하면에 가까워질수록 상승하는 경향을 보였고 강우가 집중된 여름에 가장 짧은 것으로 나타났다. 실험에서 얻어진 평균체류시간은 기존의 화학적 방법을 통해 산정된 값과 유사한 경향을 보였는데 이러한 결과들은 토양수분의 측정과 분석을 통한 방법이 방사성 동위원소를 이용한 방법보다 더욱 효율성 있는 측정을 할 수 있다는 것을 나타낸다.

• Biomedical Engineering Letters
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.383-392
• /
• 2018

For prompt gamma ray imaging for biomedical applications and environmental radiation monitoring, we propose herein a multiple-scattering Compton camera (MSCC). MSCC consists of three or more semiconductor layers with good energy resolution, and has potential for simultaneous detection and differentiation of multiple radio-isotopes based on the measured energies, as well as three-dimensional (3D) imaging of the radio-isotope distribution. In this study, we developed an analytic simulator and a 3D image generator for a MSCC, including the physical models of the radiation source emission and detection processes that can be utilized for geometry and performance prediction prior to the construction of a real system. The analytic simulator for a MSCC records coincidence detections of successive interactions in multiple detector layers. In the successive interaction processes, the emission direction of the incident gamma ray, the scattering angle, and the changed traveling path after the Compton scattering interaction in each detector, were determined by a conical surface uniform random number generator (RNG), and by a Klein-Nishina RNG. The 3D image generator has two functions: the recovery of the initial source energy spectrum and the 3D spatial distribution of the source. We evaluated the analytic simulator and image generator with two different energetic point radiation sources (Cs-137 and Co-60) and with an MSCC comprising three detector layers. The recovered initial energies of the incident radiations were well differentiated from the generated MSCC events. Correspondingly, we could obtain a multi-tracer image that combined the two differentiated images. The developed analytic simulator in this study emulated the randomness of the detection process of a multiple-scattering Compton camera, including the inherent degradation factors of the detectors, such as the limited spatial and energy resolutions. The Doppler-broadening effect owing to the momentum distribution of electrons in Compton scattering was not considered in the detection process because most interested isotopes for biomedical and environmental applications have high energies that are less sensitive to Doppler broadening. The analytic simulator and image generator for MSCC can be utilized to determine the optimal geometrical parameters, such as the distances between detectors and detector size, thus affecting the imaging performance of the Compton camera prior to the development of a real system.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제45권2호
• /
• pp.89-102
• /
• 2023

Climate and environmental changes in the Arctic Ocean due to global warming have been linked to extreme climate change in mid-latitude regions, including the Korean Peninsula, requiring a better understanding of the Arctic climate system based on the paleo-analog. This review introduces three paleoenvironmental research cases using neodymium isotopes (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ε_Nd) measured on two different fractions of marine sediments: silicate-bound 'detrital' and Fe-Mn oxide-dominated 'authigenic' fractions. In the first case, detrital ε_Nd in core HH17-1085-GC on the continental shelf off northern Svalbard was used for tracing changes in sediment provenance and associated glacier behavior over the last 16.3 ka. The second case showed the potential use of authigenic ε_Nd as a quasi-conservative water mass tracer. Three prominent ε_Nd peaks and troughs observed in core PS72/410-1 from the Mendeleev Ridge in the western Arctic Ocean over the past 76 ka suggested episodic meltwater discharge events during 51~46, 39~35 and 21~13 ka BP. The last case proposed the use of the difference between authigenic and detrital ε_Nd as a proxy for reconstructing glacier fluctuation. The idea is based on the assumption that enhanced glacial erosion during glacier advances can supply sufficient freshly-exposed rock substrate for incongruent weathering, potentially leading to greater isotopic decoupling between bedrock and dissolved weathering products as recorded in detrital and authigenic ε_Nd, respectively. Thus, it would be worthwhile to take advantage of sedimentary ε_Nd to improve our understanding of past environmental changes in polar regions.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.177-183
• /
• 2005

하 폐수 처리장의 방류수 수질은 최종 침전지의 성능에 의해 직접적으로 영향을 받으므로 최종 침전지의 효율적 설계 및 운전은 하 폐수 처리에 소요되는 비용 절감과 더불어 수질보전을 위한 하수 정화의 목표를 달성할 수 있다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 장방형 최종 침전지의 성능 개선을 위하여 유입구 위치와 정류벽 설치에 따른 내부 유동특성 및 고형물질의 제거효율을 수치해석방법을 통해 평가하였다. 개발된 2차원 컴퓨터 프로그램은 방사성 추적자를 이용한 체재시간분포 곡선과의 비교를 통해 성공적으로 검증된 수치해석 모델로 수력학적 구조변경에 대한 침전지의 성능 예측을 가능하게 하였다. 최종 침전지의 유입구 위치는 낮을수록 침전지에 형성된 강력한 바닥흐름과 수표면 역흐름으로 나타나는 밀도류를 저감시켰으며 침강된 슬러지의 하류 이동을 감소시켰다. 최종 침전지 유입부에 설치된 정류벽은 유입수가 출구로 직접 흐르는 단락류를 방지하고 밀도 저류로 유입되도록 하여 방류수 수질을 향상시키나 유입구 위치가 낮은 경우에 설치된 정류벽은 오히려 방류수 수질을 떨어뜨리는 결과를 초래하였다. 결국 최종 침전지의 성능 개선을 위한 수력학적 구조변경 및 설계는 다양한 변수에 대한 조직적인 수치해석 연구가 필요하며 선행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 생태와환경
• /
• 제44권3호
• /
• pp.280-291
• /
• 2011

생물조절기법(Biomanipulation)을 이용한 수질개선 방법으로서, 인공식물섬을 이용한 부유성 수생식물(I. pseudoacorus)은 그 표면적에 따라서 수층으로의 광량 투과를 제어함으로써 미세조류의 광합성 효율을 저해한다. 또한, 수층에서 영양염을 흡수하여, 미세조류의 성장을 억제함으로서 남조류(M. aeruginosa) 대량발생을 제어할 수 있다는 것을 $^{13}C$, $^{15}N$ 추적자 실험을 통하여 정량적으로 확인하였다. 이와 같이 부유수생식물을 이용하여 저수지내 남조류 번성을 억제함으로서 수질 개선에 중요한 역할을 하지만, 동물플랑크톤의 종 조성 변화를 야기할 수 있다는 것을 고려해야 할 것이다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 인공 식물섬을 사용한 남조류 제어 기법에 중요한 자료로 활용될 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.311-319
• /
• 2003

본 연구는 격자형 가우시안 플룸모형을 Matlab언어를 이용하여 구축한 후, 영광원자력시설의 부지에서 시행된 추적자 확산실험자료를 이용하여 예측력을 평가하였다. 풍하방향으로는 20km까지 10m간격으로 격자를 구분하였으며, 풍하방향에 수직인 지표방향은 방출점을 중심으로 상하 5km를 각각 10m 간격으로 구분하여 $1,990{\times}1,000{\times}1$의 격자망으로 구성하였다. 실험당시의 대기안정도는 P-G방법에 의해 B등급으로 나타났으며 이를 이용하여 각 격자의 농도예측을 수행하였다. 반경 3km의 A-line의 경우가 반경 8km근방의 B-line에 비해 격자형 가우시안 모형의 예측력이 뛰어난 것으로 나타났으며, 방출점에서 거리가 멀어질수록 P-G방법에 의한 확산폭의 산정은 모형의 예측력을 떨어뜨리는 것으로 나타났다. 모형의 예측력을 향상시키기 위하여 P-G 방법에 의한 확산폭인 sigma y 및 sigma z를 선형계획법을 이용하여 수정하였다. 수정된 확산인자를 적용한 결과 3km와 8km 모두 모형의 예측력이 향상됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 향후 추적자 확산실험 데이터의 축적을 통해 기상조건에 따른 확산인자에 대한 경험식을 개발한다면 격자형 가우시안 모델이 원자력시설에서의 대기질 환경영향평가에 유용하게 쓰일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.