• 제목/요약/키워드: environmental performance

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해외진출 국내 프랜차이즈기업의 조직특성 (Organizational Factors Facilitating the Internationalization of Korean Franchising Companies)

  • 임영균;이동휘;김희정
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.40-52
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    • 2009
  • Franchising is one of the fastest growing types of business. It is already popular and well-known in the U.S., and has been growing in many other countries including Korea. Furthermore, many Korean franchising companies have expanded their business overseas actively. According to the data by the Ministry of Industry and Resource, 82 companies out of a sample of 500 franchising companies are already operating in many foreign countries and 48% of them have started their foreign business since 2006. This clearly indicates the fast growing current trend of foreign operation by Korean franchising companies. In spite of the fast growing trend of foreign expansion in the industry, academic research on internationalization of franchising companies is extremely difficult to find. Accordingly, academic research on the issue is necessary and urgent in Korea. Among the various research questions on internationalization of franchising business, this study intends to investigate the difference in organizational factors between the franchising companies doing foreign operation and those doing business only domestically. More specifically, this research has the following purposes. First, considering the lack of theoretical basis of previous studies, resource-based theory and agency theory are employed as the theoretical bases. Second, this study explains the difference in internationalization based on organizational factors such as company size, history and growth rate. Third, the five hypotheses regarding the difference in organizational factors are presented and tested empirically, which is the first attempt in the area of this topic. Finally, the study attempts to clarify the conflicting implications among theories regarding some organizational factos such as growth rate. As the theoretical background, resource-based theory and agency theory are discussed. According to resource-based theory, a firm can grow continuously when it has competence and resource, and also the ability to develop them. The competence and resource can include capital, human resource, management skill, market information, ability to manage risk, etc. Meanwhile, agency theory views the relationship between franchisor and franchisee as an agency relationship. In agency theory, bonding capability and monitoring capability are the two key factors which promote internationalization of franchising companies. Based on the two theories, a conceptual model is designed. The model consists of two groups of variables. One is organizational factors including size, history, growth rate, price bonding and geographic dispersion. The other is whether a franchising company is operating overseas or not. We developed the following five research hypotheses basically describing the relationship between organizational factors and internationalization of franchising companies. H1: The size of franchising companies operating overseas is larger than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H2: The history of franchising companies operating overseas is longer than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H3: The growth rate of franchising companies operating overseas is higher than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H4: The price bonding of franchising companies operating overseas is higher than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H5: The geographic dispersion of franchising companies operating overseas is wider than that of franchising companies operating domestically. Data for the analyses are obtained from 2005 Korea Franchise Survey data co-generated by Ministry of Industry and Resource, GS1 Korea, and Korea Franchise Association. Out of 2,804 population companies, 2,489 companies are excluded for various reasons and 315 companies are selected as the final sample. Prior to hypotheses tests, validity and reliability of the measures of size, history, growth rate and price bonding are examined for further analyses. Geographic dispersion is not validated since it is measured using nominal data. A series of independent sample T-tests is used to find out whether there exists any significant difference between the companies internationalized and those operating only domestically for each organizational factor. Among the five factors, size and geographic dispersion show significant difference, growth rate and price bonding do not reveal any difference and, finally, history factor shows conflicting results in the difference depending on how to measure it.

    shows the summary statistics for hypotheses testing. In conclusion, the results show that the size and history, which are the key variables in resource-based theory, have a significant relationship with internationalization and that geographic area, which belongs to agency theory, also has a strong relationship with internationalization. The results support the findings of extant research and, therefore, prove the usefulness of resource-based theory and agency theory in explaining internationalization of franchising companies. However, growth rate and price-bonding do not show a clear difference between the two types of companies. Accordingly, these two factors need further attention in the future research. Although this study shows meaningful findings theoretically and practically, it has several limitations. First, only organizational factors are considered even if there are various environmental factors influencing franchising firm's internationalization. Second, only being internationalized or not is considered. That is, modes of entry and the size of foreign operations are not included in the study. Third, internationalization strategy is often determined based on the desire for business expansion and higher profitability and egoistical reasons of the CEOs. However, this type of factors belonging to behavioral science is not discussed in the study. Finally, organizational ecology perspective is usefully applicable in explaining the survival and performance of internationally operating companies. Accordingly, research propositions based on this perspective need to be developed and tested.

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  • 황화수소와 암모니아를 함유한 악취폐가스의 세미파일럿 규모 바이오필터 처리: 2. 분리 미생물들을 접종한 담체를 충전한 바이오필터 운전 (Semi-pilot Scaled Biofilter Treatment of Malodorous Waste Air Containing Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia: 2. Performance of Biofilter Packed with Media Inoculated with a Consortium of Separated Microbes)

    • 임광희
      • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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      • 제52권2호
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      • pp.240-246
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      • 2014
    • 황화수소와 암모니아를 포함한 악취폐가스를 처리하기 위하여 여러 semi-pilot 바이오필터 운전 조건 하에서 Bacillus cereus DAH-1056과 Arthrobacter sp. KDE-0311를 고정한 semi-pilot 바이오필터 시스템을 운전하였다. Semi-pilot 바이오필터 운전조건에서 Thiobacillus sp. IW와 반송슬러지를 고정한 바이오필터의 황화수소 removal efficiency는 약 80%이었고 암모니아의 removal efficiency는 약 50% 정도이었던 반면에 Bacillus cereus DAH-1056과 Arthrobacter sp. KDE-0311를 고정한 본 연구에서 황화수소의 removal efficiency는 약 90%이었고 암모니아의 removal efficiency는 약 60% 정도이었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 Thiobacillus sp. IW와 반송슬러지를 고정한 semi-pilot 바이오필터의 경우를 기준으로 황화수소 및 암모니아의 removal efficiency가 각각 약 13% 및 20% 정도 제고되었다. 또한 본 연구에서는 암모니아의 최대 elimination capacity가 약 $35g/m^3/h$로서 Thiobacillus sp. IW와 반송슬러지를 고정한 semi-pilot 바이오필터의 경우보다 $3{\sim}5g/m^3/h$ 정도 제고되어 10~17% 더욱 높았다. 한편 본 연구의 황화수소의 최대 elimination capacity는 약 $63g/m^3/h$ 정도로 약 15% 증가하였다. 본 연구에서는 같은 inlet load의 황화수소라 할지라도 높은 농도의 황화수소가 낮은 농도의 황화수소보다 바이오필터의 암모니아 처리를 더 어렵게 하거나, 같은 inlet load의 암모니아라 할지라도 낮은 농도의 암모니아의 경우가 높은 농도의 암모니아보다 더 큰 removal efficiency와 elimination capacity를 갖는 것이 관찰되었다. 본 연구에서의 황화수소 최대처리용량은 황화수소와 암모니아를 동시처리 하였음에도 불구하고 황화수소만을 바이오필터로 처리한 선행연구에서의 황화수소 최대처리용량을 초과하거나 비슷하였다. 또한 본 연구에서는 바이오필터로 황화수소와 암모니아를 동시처리한 선행연구보다 더 높은 암모니아 제거용량을 보였다.

    3차 의료기관에서 진단된 원발성 폐암의 임상적 특성 (Clinical Charicteristics of Primary Lung Cancer Patients in a Tertiary Hospital)

    • 류정선;이훈재;임종한;김루시아;이경희;조재화;윤용한;곽승민;이홍렬;김광호;노준규;정수경
      • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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      • 제60권3호
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      • pp.321-329
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      • 2006
    • 연구 배경: 폐암은 2000년에 들어와 우리나라 암 사망 원인 질환 중 1위가 되었으며, 아직 뚜렷한 생존기간의 향상이 없는 예후가 불량한 암이다. 최근 표적 치료제 개발에 따른 후속 연구 및 흡연이 폐암 발병에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구들에서 인종 간 유전적 특성의 차이, 생활환경이 미치는 영향 등이 부각되기도 하였다. 우리나라 폐암 환자의 임상적 특성에 대한 연구는 아직 미흡한 실정이다. 저자 등은 단일 3차 의료기관에서 지난 9년간 확진된 폐암 환자의 임상적 특성을 알아보고자 한다. 방 법: 1996년 9월부터 2005년 8월까지 9년간 본원에 입원하여 폐암으로 진단을 받았던 1655예의 환자를 대상으로 연구하였다. 모든 대상 환자에 있어서 연령, 성별, 세포형, 임상적 병기를 분석하였다. 폐암 진단 당시 설문에 응답하였던 941예의 환자를 대상으로 폐암 가족력, 직업, 흡연력, 임상 증상, 체중감소, 수행상태 등을 조사하였다. 진단 당시 동반 질환으로 당뇨, 고혈압을 포함한 심장혈관질환, 만성폐쇄성폐질환, 특발성 폐섬유화증 및 활동성 폐결핵 등을 조사하였다. 결 과:전체 연구대상 폐암 환자의 남여 성비는 3.6:1 이었다. 세포형은 편평상피세포암이 제일 흔하였고, 여자에서는 선암이 흔한 세포형이었다. 흡연력이 있었던 경우가 80.1%이었고 비흡연자는 19.9%이었다. 여자 72.3%가 비흡연자 이었다. 비흡연자에서는 남여 모두 선암이 제일 흔한 세포형이었고, 흡연력이 있는 환자에서는 편평상피세포암이 흔하였다. 1996년부터 2000년까지와 2001년부터 2005년까지 두 단위 기간으로 나누어 보았을 때, 비소세포폐암 중 선암이 차지하는 빈도의 증가(29.5%에서 33.7%로)추세와 편평상피세포암의 감소(49.9%에서 41.8%로) 추세를 확인할 수 있었다. 환자 중 무증상은 6.2%에서 관찰되었고 흔한 증상으로는 기침, 객담, 호흡곤란 등 순 이었다. 동반 질환으로 만성폐쇄성폐질환, 심장 혈관 질환, 당뇨, 결핵, 특발성 폐섬유화증은 각각 44.1%, 22.2%, 10.7%, 3.9%, 1.6%에서 관찰되었다. 부모, 형제, 자매 중 폐암 가족력이 있었던 환자는 4.4% 이었고, 환자 직업력이 폐암 발병과 관련성이 있을 것으로 추정된 경우는 12.2%이었다. 결 론: 우리나라 폐암 환자에서 높은 흡연율이 관찰되었고 아직 편평상피세포암이 제일 흔한 세포형 이었다. 향후 우리나라 폐암 환자의 임상적 특성에 대한 보다 세밀한 조사가 필요하겠다.

    싱가포르 창업생태계 연구: Isenberg(2010) 프레임워크의 지역적 변용을 통한 질적 연구를 중심으로 (A Study on Singapore Startup Ecosystem using Regional Transformation of Isenberg(2010))

    • 김소연;조민경;이무원
      • 벤처창업연구
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      • 제15권2호
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      • pp.47-65
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      • 2020
    • 4차 산업 혁명의 시대가 가시화됨에 따라 새로운 기술을 활용한 혁신적인 비즈니스 모델들이 부상하고 있으며 스타트업은 파괴적인 혁신에 대응할 수 있는 민첩성과 새로운 기술에의 개방을 기반으로 기회의 풍요를 누리고 있다. 하지만 지속가능한 창업 생태계를 조성하는 데에 있어 가장 중요한 것은 창업 그 자체가 아닌, 연구-창업-투자-상장 및 대기업으로의 도약- 재투자로 이어지는 스타트업의 선순환을 구축하는 것이다. 이를 위해서는 창업이 행해진 거점 지역에 조성된 환경이 중요한데, 이러한 물질적, 비물질적 환경 요인들은 '창업생태계'라는 단어로 포괄되어 일컬어진다. 이러한 지역 중점의 창업생태계 연구는 해당 지역 내의 요소들 간의 상호 작용이 어떻게 새로운 벤처의 경쟁력을 높이는 데에 기여하고 이들을 지원하는 지역 환경을 만드는 지에 중점을 두고 진행된다. 본 연구는 창업환경 및 기업 환경 평가에 있어 아시아 국가 1,2위에 꾸준히 언급되는 싱가포르를 지역적 맥락으로 설정하여, 현지 창업생태계를 구성하는 요소들의 상호작용과 생태계 참여자들의 관계성에 대한 연구를 통해 한국의 창업생태계에의 시사점을 제공하고자 하였다. 이 과정에서 Isenberg(2010)가 제시한 창업생태계의 6가지 요소- 정책, 금융, 문화, 지원, 인적자원, 시장-가 창업생태계 요소와 관련된 선행연구를 잘 포괄한다는 점에서 창업생태계를 분석하는 데에 가장 적합한 프레임워크임을 대전제로 두고, 연구의 표적 지역인 싱가포르에 적합하도록 일부 요소들에 집중한 지역적 변용 모델을 구축하고자 하였다. 이에 싱가포르의 정치적 특성상 정책이라는 요소가 금융에 막대한 영향을 끼칠 수밖에 없다는 것, 스마트 네이션(Smart Nation) 정책의 기조가 기업가 정신과 관련된 대학 교육에 영향을 미치고 있다는 것, 그리고 싱가포르의 창업 인프라 내에서 형성되는 기업가 네트워크와 글로벌 연결성이 싱가포르 스타트업의 성과에 유의한 영향을 준다는 것을 고려하여 정책(Policy), 문화(Culture), 그리고 시장(Market)이라는 요소들을 더욱 주요하게 바라봐야 할 필요가 있다고 판단하였다. 또한, 창업생태계 요소들의 내부적인 상호작용을 파악하기 위해서는 창업생태계 참여자들을 대상으로 한 질적 연구가 필수적이므로 현지에 직접 방문하여 반구조화된 설문을 진행하였다. 이렇듯 본 연구는 싱가포르 창업생태계의 정책, 문화, 시장 요소에 집중한 질적 연구를 바탕으로 현지의 창업생태계 현황을 조사하였고, 한국과의 비교를 통해 스타트업 관련 규제, 대학의 역할, 창업 인프라 측면의 시사점을 제공하고자 하였다. 이는 향후 진행될 창업생태계 연구뿐만 아니라, 창업 인프라의 조성, 창업생태계 활성화 방안 마련, 그리고 대학의 창업교육 방향성 설정에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

    Genome-Wide Analysis of DNA Methylation before- and after Exercise in the Thoroughbred Horse with MeDIP-Seq

    • Gim, Jeong-An;Hong, Chang Pyo;Kim, Dae-Soo;Moon, Jae-Woo;Choi, Yuri;Eo, Jungwoo;Kwon, Yun-Jeong;Lee, Ja-Rang;Jung, Yi-Deun;Bae, Jin-Han;Choi, Bong-Hwan;Ko, Junsu;Song, Sanghoon;Ahn, Kung;Ha, Hong-Seok;Yang, Young Mok;Lee, Hak-Kyo;Park, Kyung-Do;Do, Kyoung-Tag;Han, Kyudong;Yi, Joo Mi;Cha, Hee-Jae;Ayarpadikannan, Selvam;Cho, Byung-Wook;Bhak, Jong;Kim, Heui-Soo
      • Molecules and Cells
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      • 제38권3호
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      • pp.210-220
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      • 2015
    • Athletic performance is an important criteria used for the selection of superior horses. However, little is known about exercise-related epigenetic processes in the horse. DNA methylation is a key mechanism for regulating gene expression in response to environmental changes. We carried out comparative genomic analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in the blood samples of two different thoroughbred horses before and after exercise by methylated-DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeDIP-Seq). Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in the pre-and post-exercise blood samples of superior and inferior horses were identified. Exercise altered the methylation patterns. After 30 min of exercise, 596 genes were hypomethy-lated and 715 genes were hypermethylated in the superior horse, whereas in the inferior horse, 868 genes were hypomethylated and 794 genes were hypermethylated. These genes were analyzed based on gene ontology (GO) annotations and the exercise-related pathway patterns in the two horses were compared. After exercise, gene regions related to cell division and adhesion were hypermethylated in the superior horse, whereas regions related to cell signaling and transport were hypermethylated in the inferior horse. Analysis of the distribution of methylated CpG islands confirmed the hypomethylation in the gene-body methylation regions after exercise. The methylation patterns of transposable elements also changed after exercise. Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) showed abundance of DMRs. Collectively, our results serve as a basis to study exercise-based reprogramming of epigenetic traits.

    Diagnostic Performance of HPV E6/E7 mRNA and HPV DNA Assays for the Detection and Screening of Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus Infection among Woman with Cervical Lesions in China

    • Wang, Hye-young;Lee, Dongsup;Park, Sunyoung;Kim, Geehyuk;Kim, Sunghyun;Han, Lin;Yubo, Ren;Li, Yingxue;Park, Kwang Hwa;Lee, Hyeyoung
      • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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      • 제16권17호
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      • pp.7633-7640
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      • 2015
    • Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide and it is responsible for most cases of cervical uterine cancer. Although HPV infections of the cervix do not always progress to cancer, 90% of cervical cancer cases have been found to be associated with high risk HPV (HR-HPV) infection. HPV DNA testing is widely used, along with Papanicolaou (Pap) testing, to screen for cervical abnormalities. However, there are no data on the prevalence of genotype-specific HPV infections assessed by measuring HPV E6/E7 mRNA in women representative of the Chinese population across a broad age range. Materials and Methods: In the present study, we compared the results with the CervicGen HPV RT-qDx assay, which detects 16 HR-HPV genotypes (Alpha-9: HPV 16, 31, 33, 35, 52, and 58; Alpha-7: HPV 18, 39, 45, 51, 59, and 68; and Alpha-5, 6: HPV 53, 56, 66, and 69), and the REBA HPV-ID assay, which detects 32 HPV genotypes based on the reverse blot hybridization assay (REBA) for the detection of oncogenic HPV infection according to cytological diagnosis. We also investigated the prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV infection with a total of 324 liquid-based cytology samples collected in western Shandong province, East China. Results: The overall HPV prevalences determined by HPV DNA and HPV E6/E7 mRNA assays in this study were 79.9% (259/324) and 55.6% (180/324), respectively. Although the positivity of HPV E6/E7 mRNA expression was significantly lower than HPV DNA positivity, the HPV E6/E7 mRNA assay showed greater specificity than the HPV DNA assay (88.6% vs. 48.1%) in normal cytology samples. The prevalence of Alpha-9 (HPV 16, 31, 33, 35, 52, and 58) HPV infection among these women accounted for up to 80.3% and 76.1% of the high-grade lesions detected in the HPV mRNA and DNA tests, respectively. The HR-HPV genotype distribution, based on HPV DNA and E6/E7 mRNA expression by age group in patients with cytologically confirmed lesions, was highest in women aged 40 to 49 years (35.9% for cytologically confirmed cases, Pearson correlation r value=0.993, p<0.001) for high-grade lesions. Among the oncogenic HR-HPV genotypes for all age groups, there was little difference in the distribution of HPV genotypes between the HPV DNA (HPV -16, 53, 18, 58, and 33) and HPV E6/E7 mRNA (HPV -16, 53, 33, 58, and 18) assays. HPV 16 was the most common HPV genotype among women with high-grade lesions. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the HPV E6/E7 mRNA assay can be a sensitive and specific tool for the screening and investigation of cervical cancer. Furthermore, it may provide useful information regarding the necessity for early cervical cancer screenings and the development of additional effective HPV vaccines, such as one for HPV 53 and 58. Additionally, gaining knowledge of HPV distribution may also inform us about ecological changes in HPV after the vaccination.

    방울토마토에서 잎 표면온도를 적용한 아메리카잎굴파리(Liriomyza trifolii) 개체군 밀도변동 모형작성 및 평가 (Modeling and Validation of Population Dynamics of the American Serpentine Leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii) Using Leaf Surface Temperatures of Greenhouses Cherry Tomatoes)

    • 박정준;모형호;이두형;신기일;조기종
      • 한국응용곤충학회지
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      • 제51권3호
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      • pp.235-243
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      • 2012
    • 중요 시설해충인 아메리카잎굴파리(Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess))의 개체군 밀도변동모형을 방울토마토 온실내 대기온도와 잎 표면온도를 이용하여 모형 정확성을 비교하였다. 모형 개발에 이용된 생물적 변수들은 기존 발표된 자료들을 사용하였고 모형 작성은 DYMEX$^{(R)}$ 프로그램을 이용하였다. 온도에 따라 상이한 발육기간과 산란수는 생리적 연령으로 표준화시킨 발육완료 분포모형, 연령 특이적 산란수 및 생존율을 비선형회귀 모형에 적합시켜 밀도변동 모형을 개발하였다. 줄내림방식의 방울토마토에서 식물체를 3개의 위치(상단: 지상 1.6 m 이상, 중단: 지상 0.9 - 1.2 m 사이, 하단: 지상 0.3 - 0.5 m 사이)로 나누고 각 위치별로 온실 내 대기 온도와 잎 표면 온도를 기록하였다. 온실 내 잎 표면 최대온도는 대기중 최대온도보다 항상 낮게 유지되고 있었으며, 하단, 상단, 중단의 순으로 온도가 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 개발된 모형검정을 위한 초기이입 시기와 밀도는 6월초 성충 5마리가 총 50개의 알을 잎에 산란한 것으로 설정하였다. 온실 내 대기 온도와 잎 표면 온도를 이용하여 아메리카잎굴파리 유충 발육모형과 성충의 산란모형을 DYMEX로 프로그래밍하고 모의실험을 하였다. 모의실험결과를 평가하기 위해 기상자료를 수집한 동일한 온실에서 아메리카잎굴파리 유충 밀도를 육안조사 하였으나, 알, 번데기, 성충의 경우 육안조사가 어려워 대상에서 제외하였다. 육안조사결과 밀도변동패턴이 방울토마토 잎 표면 온도를 이용한 모의실험결과 밀도변동패턴과 유사하였다. 육안조사결과와 육안조사시기의 DYMEX모의실험 결과값을 상관분석 한 결과, 육안조사결과와 잎 표면 온도를 이용한 모의실험 결과가 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보였다(r = 0.97, p < 0.01). 대기 온도를 이용한 모의실험 결과와는 유의하지 않은 상관관계를 보였다(r = 0.40, p = 0.18). 본 연구결과 방울토마토 온실에서 아메리카잎굴파리 개체군 밀도변동의 적절한 예측을 위해서는 잎 표면 온도를 고려해야 하는 것으로 나타났다.

    A Study on Relationship between Physical Elements and Tennis/Golf Elbow

    • Choi, Jungmin;Park, Jungwoo;Kim, Hyunseung
      • 대한인간공학회지
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      • 제36권3호
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      • pp.183-196
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      • 2017
    • Objective: The purpose of this research was to assess the agreement between job physical risk factor analysis by ergonomists using ergonomic methods and physical examinations made by occupational physicians on the presence of musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremities. Background: Ergonomics is the systematic application of principles concerned with the design of devices and working conditions for enhancing human capabilities and optimizing working and living conditions. Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent injuries and physical and emotional stress. The major types of ergonomic injuries and incidents are cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs), acute strains, sprains, and system failures. Minimization of use of excessive force and awkward postures can help to prevent such injuries Method: Initial data were collected as part of a larger study by the University of Utah Ergonomics and Safety program field data collection teams and medical data collection teams from the Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (RMCOEH). Subjects included 173 male and female workers, 83 at Beehive Clothing (a clothing plant), 74 at Autoliv (a plant making air bags for vehicles), and 16 at Deseret Meat (a meat-processing plant). Posture and effort levels were analyzed using a software program developed at the University of Utah (Utah Ergonomic Analysis Tool). The Ergonomic Epicondylitis Model (EEM) was developed to assess the risk of epicondylitis from observable job physical factors. The model considers five job risk factors: (1) intensity of exertion, (2) forearm rotation, (3) wrist posture, (4) elbow compression, and (5) speed of work. Qualitative ratings of these physical factors were determined during video analysis. Personal variables were also investigated to study their relationship with epicondylitis. Logistic regression models were used to determine the association between risk factors and symptoms of epicondyle pain. Results: Results of this study indicate that gender, smoking status, and BMI do have an effect on the risk of epicondylitis but there is not a statistically significant relationship between EEM and epicondylitis. Conclusion: This research studied the relationship between an Ergonomic Epicondylitis Model (EEM) and the occurrence of epicondylitis. The model was not predictive for epicondylitis. However, it is clear that epicondylitis was associated with some individual risk factors such as smoking status, gender, and BMI. Based on the results, future research may discover risk factors that seem to increase the risk of epicondylitis. Application: Although this research used a combination of questionnaire, ergonomic job analysis, and medical job analysis to specifically verify risk factors related to epicondylitis, there are limitations. This research did not have a very large sample size because only 173 subjects were available for this study. Also, it was conducted in only 3 facilities, a plant making air bags for vehicles, a meat-processing plant, and a clothing plant in Utah. If working conditions in other kinds of facilities are considered, results may improve. Therefore, future research should perform analysis with additional subjects in different kinds of facilities. Repetition and duration of a task were not considered as risk factors in this research. These two factors could be associated with epicondylitis so it could be important to include these factors in future research. Psychosocial data and workplace conditions (e.g., low temperature) were also noted during data collection, and could be used to further study the prevalence of epicondylitis. Univariate analysis methods could be used for each variable of EEM. This research was performed using multivariate analysis. Therefore, it was difficult to recognize the different effect of each variable. Basically, the difference between univariate and multivariate analysis is that univariate analysis deals with one predictor variable at a time, whereas multivariate analysis deals with multiple predictor variables combined in a predetermined manner. The univariate analysis could show how each variable is associated with epicondyle pain. This may allow more appropriate weighting factors to be determined and therefore improve the performance of the EEM.

    Perspective of breaking stagnation of soybean yield under monsoon climate

    • Shiraiwa, Tatsuhiko
      • 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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      • 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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      • pp.8-9
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      • 2017
    • Soybean yield has been low and unstable in Japan and other areas in East Asia, despite long history of cultivation. This is contrasting with consistent increase of yield in North and South America. This presentation tries to describe perspective of breaking stagnation of soybean yield in East Asia, considering the factors of the different yields between regions. Large amount of rainfall with occasional dry-spell in the summer is a nature of monsoon climate and as frequently stated excess water is the factor of low and unstable soybean yield. For example, there exists a great deal of field-to-field variation in yield of 'Tanbaguro' soybean, which is reputed for high market value and thus cultivated intensively and this results in low average yield. According to our field survey, a major portion of yield variation occurs in early growth period. Soybean production on drained paddy fields is also vulnerable to drought stress after flowering. An analysis at the above study site demonstrated a substantial field-to-field variation of canopy transpiration activity in the mid-summer, but the variation of pod-set was not as large as that of early growth. As frequently mentioned by the contest winners of good practice farming, avoidance of excess water problem in the early growth period is of greatest importance. A series of technological development took place in Japan in crop management for stable crop establishment and growth, that includes seed-bed preparation with ridge and/or chisel ploughing, adjustment of seed moisture content, seed treatment with mancozeb+metalaxyl and the water table control system, FOEAS. A unique success is seen in the tidal swamp area in South Sumatra with the Saturated Soil Culture (SSC), which is for managing acidity problem of pyrite soils. In 2016, an average yield of $2.4tha^{-1}$ was recorded for a 450 ha area with SSC (Ghulamahdi 2017, personal communication). This is a sort of raised bed culture and thus the moisture condition is kept markedly stable during growth period. For genetic control, too, many attempts are on-going for better emergence and plant growth after emergence under excess water. There seems to exist two aspects of excess water resistance, one related to phytophthora resistance and the other with better growth under excess water. The improvement for the latter is particularly challenging and genomic approach is expected to be effectively utilized. The crop model simulation would estimate/evaluate the impact of environmental and genetic factors. But comprehensive crop models for soybean are mainly for cultivations on upland fields and crop response to excess water is not fully accounted for. A soybean model for production on drained paddy fields under monsoon climate is demanded to coordinate technological development under changing climate. We recently recognized that the yield potential of recent US cultivars is greater than that of Japanese cultivars and this also may be responsible for different yield trends. Cultivar comparisons proved that higher yields are associated with greater biomass production specifically during early seed filling, in which high and well sustained activity of leaf gas exchange is related. In fact, the leaf stomatal conductance is considered to have been improved during last a couple of decades in the USA through selections for high yield in several crop species. It is suspected that priority to product quality of soybean as food crop, especially large seed size in Japan, did not allow efficient improvement of productivity. We also recently found a substantial variation of yielding performance under an environment of Indonesia among divergent cultivars from tropical and temperate regions through in a part biomass productivity. Gas exchange activity again seems to be involved. Unlike in North America where transpiration adjustment is considered necessary to avoid terminal drought, under the monsoon climate with wet summer plants with higher activity of gas exchange than current level might be advantageous. In order to explore higher or better-adjusted canopy function, the methodological development is demanded for canopy-level evaluation of transpiration activity. The stagnation of soybean yield would be broken through controlling variable water environment and breeding efforts to improve the quality-oriented cultivars for stable and high yield.

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    색소분석을 통한 곰소만 내 해수와 퇴적물 중 미세조류 생체량과 군집구조의 시공간적 변화 (Temporal and Spatial Variation of Microalgal Biomass and Community Structure in Seawater and Surface Sediment of the Gomso Bay as Determined by Chemotaxonomic Analysis)

    • 이용우;박미옥;윤지현;허성범
      • 한국해양학회지:바다
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      • 제17권2호
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      • pp.87-94
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      • 2012
    • 만의 대부분이 조간대(약 75%)인 전라북도 곰소만 내 해수와 퇴적물 중 미세조류의 생체량과 군집조성의 월 변화를 비교하기 위해서 1999년 2월부터 2000년 1월까지는 매월, 2000년 2월부터 12월까지는 격월로 high-performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC)를 이용하여 광합성색소 분석을 실시하였다. 또한 해수 중 미세조류의 군집구조를 조절하는 환경요인을 조사하기 위해서 수온, 염분, 영양염류, 용존산소, 화학적산소요구량을 분석하였다. 해수 중 미세조류의 월별 분포는 대체로 담수의 유입으로 인한 영양염류의 공급이 많은 시기에 높은 생체량(chlorophyll a)을 보였다. 퇴적물 중 저서미세조류의 생체량은 국내외 다른 갯벌지역에 비해서 상대적으로 낮았으며, 단위 면적당 적분한 해수 중 미세조류의 생체량에 비해서 2-3배 낮게 나타났다. 해수와 퇴적물 중 미세조류의 색소분석 결과, 규조류의 주요색소인 fucoxanthin 농도가 가장 높았으며, fucoxanthin과 chlorophyll a의 월 변화가 유사한 양상을 보여 곰소만 내 갯벌과 해수 중 미세조류는 규조류가 우점하는 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 조하대 표층 해수 중 미세조류 생체량(chlorophyll a)의 월 변화는 갯벌에 서식하는 저서미세조류 생체량의 월 변화와 다른 양상을 보였으며, 현미경 관찰을 통한 해수 중 미세조류의 종조성 분석 결과, 저서미세조류의 우점종인 저서성 규조류는 거의 관찰되지 않았다. 본 연구결과는 곰소만 갯벌에서 재부유되어 조하대로 공급되는 저서미세조류가 조하대 표층 생태계에 서식하는 생물에게 먹이원으로서의 기여도는 상대적으로 낮다는 것을 시사한다. 갯벌에서 재부유되어 조하대로 공급되는 미세조류의 정확한 평가와 함께 조하대에서 이들의 수직, 수평 거동과 관련된 심도 깊은 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.