• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.441-456
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• 2022

Shiga toxins (Stxs) are major virulence factors from the enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), a subset of Stx-producing Escherichia coli. Stxs are multi-functional, ribosome-inactivating proteins that underpin the development of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and central nervous system (CNS) damage. Currently, therapeutic options for the treatment of diseases caused by Stxs are limited and unsatisfactory. Furthermore, the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning toxin-induced inflammation remain unclear. Numerous works have demonstrated that the various host ribotoxic stress-induced targets including p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, its downstream substrate Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2, and apoptotic signaling via ER-stress sensors are activated in many different susceptible cell types following the regular retrograde transportation of the Stxs, eventually leading to disturbing intercellular communication. Therapeutic options targeting host cellular pathways induced by Stxs may represent a promising strategy for intervention in Stx-mediated acute renal dysfunction, retinal damage, and CNS damage. This review aims at fostering an in-depth understanding of EHEC Stxs-mediated pathogenesis through the toxin-host interactions.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.155-166
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• 2002

This study was performed to figure out the level of anxiety and relating factors of ICU patients as the hospitalization in ICU grows more recently. Data collection was conducted from July 1st to August 31st, 2001. The subjects of this study were consisted of 101 ICU patients who were selected according to the criteria in S hospital, C city. The instruments of the research were consisted of 14 questions of general characteristics, 20 items of STAI, VAS, 24 questions for the anxiety relating factors. And data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, and pearson correlation for group difference and correlation with SPSS Win 10.0 program. The followings were the results of the study: 1. In the anxiety level, mean score on STAI was 53.7(item mean $2.69{\pm}.83$), and mean score on VAS was 5.23. It means that the anxiety level of ICU patients was moderate. 2. Among the relating factors of anxiety, the most highest scores were 'by seeing other patient's emergency situation' and 'by seeing other patient's death' figured 3.85 and 3.79 each. And the lowest marks were 'by the unkind behavior of doctors and nurses'(2.13) and 'nurses' or doctors' indifferent actions'(2.21). And the anxiety according to the environmental factor was the highest (3.17) and the anxiety regarding to the human relationship was the lowest (2.53). 3. In the anxiety level STAI according to the general characteristics, the patients who didn't have to take care of their family showed more anxiety than who had to take care of their family(t=-2.38, p=.02). And the variables that shows a significant difference on VAS was sex and women's anxiety was higher than men's level (t=-2.56, p=.01). 4. When the physical anxiety level was compared, the patients who had to take care of their family showed more anxiety than the people who didn't have to take care of their family(t=-1.95, p=.05). In the level of anxiety relating the human relationship, the patients who had religion showed more anxiety than patients who didn't(t=2.43 p=.02). And the married patients(t=2.43, p=.01) and more educated people(F=3.77, p=.01) showed more anxiety. Even though environmental anxiety was the highest factor, it was not significant with general characteristics. 5. The anxiety and relating factors showed positive significant relationship, and physical anxiety factor showed the strongest relation with STAI(r=.21, p<.01). And VAS level showed stronger relation with every factor of the anxiety than STAI. When the VAS level became higher, the anxiety relating to physical factor(r=.72, p<.01), human relationship(r=.63, P<.01), and environment became higher. According to the above result, the environmental anxiety was the highest level than other factors in ICU patient and thus the environmental nursing intervention becomes very important in ICU. Also nurses in ICU have to support the patients who showed higher level of anxiety in this study and try to develop the nursing intervention to relieve the anxiety of patients. And it is recommended that VAS is convenient and practical instrument for measuring the anxiety level in ICU patients.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.685-693
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• 2020

Objectives: Recent data indicate that sensitization to mold contributes to the severity and persistence of asthma. The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between indoor mold concentrations and pulmonary function parameters in asthmatic children with mold sensitization. Methods: Asthmatic subjects who had a positive result in skin-prick testing to more than one mold allergen, such as Alternaria, Aspergillus, or Penicillium, were enrolled. Their pulmonary function and methacholine challenge test results were collected. Measurements of blood eosinophil, serum IgE, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) were taken. Indoor levels of VOC, CO2, PM10 and PM2.5 in each subject's house were measured. We counted mold and bacteria colonies from the subjects' house air samples. Results: The mean levels of FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, and FEF25-75 were 82.8±19.7, 87.3±17.9, 85.8±8.3, and 82.3±28.9%, respectively. The mean FeNO level was 19.8±11.2 ppb and the geometric mean (range of one SD) of methacholine PC20 was 3.99 mg/mL (0.67-23.74 mg/mL). The average indoor air pollutant levels were below the recommended levels set by the Ministry of Environment for multiplex buildings. Indoor mold levels showed a significant inverse correlation with methacholine PC20, but not with the baseline pulmonary function parameters. Conclusion: Indoor mold concentrations are a risk factor for increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness among asthmatic children with mold sensitization. Targeted environmental intervention should be considered for selected asthmatic children with mold sensitization for avoiding severe airway hyperresponsiveness.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• 제35권
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• pp.35.1-35.11
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• 2023

Background: Cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of death worldwide. Various CVD risk assessment tools have been developed. In South Korea, the Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency (KOSHA) and the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) have provided CVD risk assessments with health checkups. Since 2018, the KOSHA guide has stated that NHIS CVD risk assessment tool could be used as an alternative of KOSHA assessment tool for evaluating CVD risk of workers. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation and agreement between the KOSHA and the NHIS CVD risk assessment tools. Methods: Subjects of this study were 17,485 examinees aged 20 to 64 years who had undergone medical examinations from January 2021 to December 2021 at a general hospital. We classified subjects into low-risk, moderate-risk, high-risk, and highest-risk groups according to KOSHA and NHIS's CVD risk assessment tools. We then compared them with cross-analysis, Spearman correlation analysis, and linearly weighted kappa coefficient. Results: The correlation between KOSHA and NHIS tools was statistically significant (p-value < 0.001), with a correlation coefficient of 0.403 and a kappa coefficient of 0.203. When we compared risk group distribution using KOSHA and NHIS tools, CVD risk of 6,498 (37.1%) participants showed a concordance. Compared to the NHIS tool, the KOSHA tool classified 9,908 (56.7%) participants into a lower risk category and 1,079 (6.2%) participants into a higher risk category. Conclusions: In this study, KOSHA and NHIS tools showed a moderate correlation with a fair agreement. The NHIS tool showed a tendency to classify participants to higher CVD risk group than the KOSHA tool. To prevent CVD more effectively, a higher estimation tool among verified CVD risk assessment methods should be selected and managements such as early intervention and treatment of risk factors should be performed targeting the high-risk group.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.324-337
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• 1990

축전지 공장의 환경과 근로자들의 개인 위생의 개선 조치가 근로자의 혈중 연농도에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 관찰하기 위하여 새로 설립된 축전지 공장의 생산직 근로자 116명을 대상으로 채용시 혈중 연농도를 측정하고 1987년 2월부터 약 3개월 간격으로 $12{\sim}18$개월간 추적 관찰하였다. 관찰기관 중 작업환경 및 근로자 개인위생의 개선조치를 시행하였고 1987년 8월부터 6개월 간격으로 3회 작업장내 공기중 연농도를 측정하였다. 또 사무직 근로자 40명을 대조군으로 선정하여 그들의 혈중 연농도의 변화를 관찰하였다. 작업환경 개선은 국소배기장치 설치와 바닥의 진공청소였고 개인위생 개선조치는 매일 작업복 세탁, 퇴근시 샤워, 식사 전 손씻기, 작업장내 흡연 및 음식섭취 금지, 그리고 마스크 착용이었다. 대조군 40명 중 6개월까지 혈중 연농도의 관찰이 가능했던 27명에서 채용시 혈중 연농도가 $21.97{\pm}3.36{\mu}g/dl$이고 6개월후 $22.75{\pm}3.38{\mu}g/dl$로서 유의한 증가는 없었다. 공장이 가동되기 전에 입사한 A군은 폭로 전 혈중 연농도가 $20.49{\pm}3.84{\mu}g/dl$였고 폭로시작 3개월 후에 $23.90{\pm}5.30{\mu}g/dl$로 유의한 증가를 보였으며(p<0.01), 6개월 후(개선조치 1개월후)에는 $28.84{\pm}5.76{\mu}g/dl$로 더욱 증가되었으나 그후 4회 측정치는 $26.83{\sim}28.28{\mu}g/dl$로 더 이상 증가하지 않았다. 공장이 가동된 후 개선조치가 시행되기 전에 입사한 B군의 경우 폭로전 혈중 연농도가 $16.58{\pm}4/53{\mu}g/dl$였고 3개월후(개선조치 1개월후)에 $28.82{\pm}5.66{\mu}g/dl$로 급격히 증가했으며(p<0.01), 그 후 4회 측정치도 $26.46{\sim}28.54{\mu}g/dl$로 더이상 증가하지 않았다. 개선조치가 시행된 후 입사한 C군에서는 채용시 혈중 연농도가 $19.45{\pm}3.34{\mu}g/dl$였고 3개월후의 혈중 연농도가 $22.70{\pm}4.55{\mu}g/dl$로 유의한 증가를 보였고(p<0.01), 6개월에 $23.68{\pm}4.18{\mu}g/dl$, 9개월에 $25.42{\pm}3.60{\mu}g/dl$로 서서히 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 1987년 8원부터 6개월 간격으로 3회 작업환경을 측정하고 작업장의 공기중 연농도에 따라 4개부서로 구분하여 그 성적을 보면 제I부서는 $0.365mg/m^3$였으나, 작업환경 개선조치 후 각각 $0.216mg/m^3,\;0.208mg/m^3$로 감소되었고, 제II부서는 $0.232mg/m^3$였는데 개선조치후 $0.148mg/m^3,\;0.120mg/m^3$였으며, 작업환경 개선 조치후 측정한 제III부서는 1988년 1월, 8월에 각각 $0.124mg/m^3,\;0.091mg/m^3$였고 제IV부서(이동부서)는 1988년 8월에 $0.110mg/m^3$로 III, IV부서가 I, II부서에 비해 낮았다. 각 부서별 비교에서 A군과 B군의 혈중 연농도는 공기중 연농도와 비례하지 않는 결과를 보여 작업환경이 제일 나쁜 제 I부서에서 오히려 혈중 연농도가 낮고 작업환경이 좋은 제III부서에서 더 급격히 혈중 연농도가 증가하였다. C군은 제 I부서의 혈중 연농도가 제일 높았고 이동부서인 제IV부서에서 제일 낮아 공기중 연농도와 혈중 연농도 사이에 일정한 관련성을 나타내지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 보아 연취급 근로자의 모니터링은 공기중 연농도보다 혈중 연농도의 측정이 타당하며 작업환경개선도 중요하지만 개인위생에 대한 개선조치가 오히려 더 효과적이라 생각된다.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.549-565
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• 2000

Comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to determine 1) selected risk factors and its impact that affect pregnancy outcome such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and substance abuse 2) these factors can facilitate future strategies for health promotion and prevention for both pregnant women and fetus. Review of literature were extracted from searching MEDLINE(1966 - Oct. 2000). CINAHL (1982 - Oct. 2000) and the domestic literature. The following factors were identified: 1. The effects of risk behaviors on pregnancy. ${\cdot}$Maternal smoking was associated with the occurrence of premature or LBW delivery, fetal growth retardation, extremities defects, heart defects and sudden infant death syndrome. ${\cdot}$Maternal alcohol consumption was associated with spontaneous abortion, premature or LBW delivery, morphologic/neurologic problems, especially fetal alcohol syndrome. ${\cdot}$Heroin was associated with withdrawal after birth in which were born to heroine addicts for gestational age and lung maturation in animal studies. ${\cdot}$Cocaine was associated with spontaneous abortion, abruptio placenta and a poor response to environmental stimuli. ${\cdot}$So far, the effects of caffeine on pregnancy was controversial, but severe caffeine consumption was associated with premature or LBW delivery, spontaneous abortion, still birth and dystocia. 2. Intervention methods and its effects identified were as follows ${\cdot}$Conducted intervention for smoking, alcohol and drug consumption were single or combined. ${\cdot}$Intervention methods were counseling, phone contact, mailing, use of educational videotape, booklet, support person and alternatives such as nicotine patch. ${\cdot}$The interventions increased the rates of smoking cessation during pregnancy and awareness of the risk of drug consumption, and decreased amount of alcohol consumption. ${\cdot}$The intervention outcome found positive effect on birth weight and length. 3. Our recommendations were as follows ${\cdot}$The personal and social cognition should be enhanced through education and the mass media. ${\cdot}$It's necessary to educate and give information of preconceptional care, planned pregnancy and early prenatal care for optimal pregnancy outcome. ${\cdot}$It's necessary to develop comprehensive assessment tool which is reliable and valid on smoking, alcohol consumption and substance abuse to identify supportive or interventional program.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.525-534
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• 2011

This paper describes the current status of musculoskeletal disorders(MSDs) and its ergonomic risk factors, including the preventive intervention in terms of the working conditions and health promotion among agricultural workers. Korean agricultural workers have been exposed to the poor working condition. They have suffered from a variety of work-related injury and diseases more than the general population or the other occupational group. MSDs are one of the most prevalent problems threatening the agricultural worker's health and quality of life. Low back pain, osteoarthritis of hip and knee joint and carpal tunnel syndrome are well known MSDs that was found easily and frequently among agricultural workers. MSDs are worsened by poor ergonomic working conditions such as heavy weight lifting, repetitive movement and awkward posture which involves squatting with long sitting work on the ground, long working hours and heavy workload which are inherent in the greater part of agricultural works. Even though Korean agricultural workers are very weak population in terms of occupational safety and health, no many studies were conducted in the past and no many social and institutional supports were provided sufficiently. We need more interests and efforts in agricultural fields to improve its working condition and to promote health status of agricultural workers.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.49-59
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an aquarobics exercise program on the physical fitness and blood lipids in elderly women. The subjects of the study were twenty-six elderly women enrolled in an Aquarobics exercise program consisting of 60 minutes per session, 3 times a week during the period of 12 weeks. The effects of the program were assessed using the instruments to measure physical fitness and blood lipids before and after the aquarobics exercise program. Data was collected between September and December in 2006, and analyzed by frequency, paired with a t-test, using a SPSS. The results were statistically significant in muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, and cardiopulmonary endurance, but no significant differences were found in agility, total cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Aquarobics exercise can be an effective nursing intervention to improve muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility and cardiopulmonary endurance in elderly women.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.90-101
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing hope in female high school students. The participants were 207 female high school students who were selected from 2 schools located at Province J. The data was collected from September, 2 to 24 in 2009, by self report questionnaires. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Duncan, Pearson's correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression, with the SPSS /WIN 13.0 program. Hope in female high school students differed by economic state and school record. Hope in female high school students positively correlated to task difficulty preference, self-regulatory efficacy, self-confidence, teacher support and peer support. Self-regulatory efficacy, peer support and self-confidence accounted for 34.7% of hope in female high school students. This study showed that self-regulatory efficacy, peer support and self-confidence should be considered in developing a practical nursing intervention program to increase hope in female high school students.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.63-74
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• 1995

The objective of this study were to identify the state of re. cognition and attitude of residents in Seoul city about air environment and to identify factors affecting attitude toward air environment. Study object was residents in Seoul city sampled by multistage random proportional sampling. Sample size was 0.0067%(500 persons) of total residents in Seoul city. The results were divided into two parts: (1) descriptive results of recognition and attitude toward air environment, (2) results of factor analysis to classify categories of attitudes toward air environment and regression analysis to identify factors affecting attitude toward air environment. Most of resident in Seoul city recognized that air environment in Seoul city was highly polluted and was not satisfactory. Experience of damage of air pollution was reported in about 70% of residents in Seoul city. More than 60% of residents in Seoul city had concern about air environment. Attitude toward air environment were classified into four categories using factor analysis: Necessity of intervention of local government for air environment conservation, Participation of residents and enterprises for air environment conservation, Optimistic attitude about air pollution, Preference of economy. Factors affecting the above attitudes were knowledge about air pollution, knowledge about policies and institutions related air environment conservation, concern about air environment, educational level, subjective assessment of air environment, sex, marital status. In conclusion this study suggested providing information of air environment in Seoul city to the residents and to educating residents for making positive attitude about air environment conservation.