• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.5-26
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• 2018

Joseph S. Nye defined soft power as the power of attraction to affect the behavior of other states through the use of non-coercive instruments including culture, political values and foreign policy. Over the last two decades, environmental issues have grown in importance on the international agenda and become critical components of states' foreign policy-making. This paper aims to analyze environmental foreign policy as a soft power instrument focusing on two major rising powers: China and India. Traditionally, China and India had been reluctant to make any commitments in the field. However, they have shown greater willingness to act in global environmental governance in the past decade. They started playing more active roles in global climate change negotiations and supported a number of initiatives. Their current rise in global environmental governance has even been praised by the international community as the Paris agreement case demonstrated. This study evaluates China's and India's recent efforts in global environmental governance with a focus on climate change negotiations linking their constructive position to their soft power potential. It is argued that environmental issues are used by these two states as foreign policy strategy to gain more influence in international politics. This study finds out that China's climate-related environmental diplomacy has been more ambitious than that of India and thus has been closer to fulfill its potential as a soft power asset.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.43-48
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• 2021

The article proposes a method of modeling a comprehensive indicator for evaluating the effectiveness of regional management of innovation activity. This will make it possible to assess the effectiveness of personnel, financial and credit and foreign economic activity of the regions from the standpoint of an integrated approach. The modeling technique is proposed to be carried out using the tools of taxonomic analysis and the calculation of a complex indicator of the effectiveness of the innovation activity management.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.216-223
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• 2007

The present carbon-based energy system will not last long due to its environmental and economical drawbacks. Hydrogen energy attracts more attention recently and seems to have large ripple effect on economy providing its technical, environmental and economical problems are solved. This paper analyses the situation changed from fossil to non-fossil energy system and the R&D policies of advanced countries by reviewing the world energy status and the energy policy of foreign countries. Finally, the R&D strategy of hydrogen energy technology was developed through analyzing the present states of energy research policy and programs of major countries.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.523-544
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of foreign direct investment on environmental performance for 27 OECD countries using endogenous environmental policy model. The empirical test shows that with 1% increase in the ratio of inflow stock of foreign direct investment over domestic capital stock, emission on NOx and $CO_2$ will increase by 0.0071%(NOx) and 0.0165%($CO_2$) and 1% increase in the ratio of foreign capital stock induces 0.044%(fixed effect) and 0.047%(random effect) of economic growth. 1% increase of per labor total output increases 2.038%(fixed effect) or 1.890%(random effect) in reinforcement of environmental regulation. However, we could not confirm the Porter's hypothesis that the more strong environmental regulation leads technical innovation. The scale effects (0.0119, 0.0172) are estimated higher than the technical effects (-0.0048, -0.0007) in two pollutants (NOx, $CO_2$). It implies that each country needs to increase pollution abatement and control expenditure more aggressively to protect environment.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.9-27
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• 2021

Floating solar power markets are rapidly growing worldwide. The main policy instrument utilized to expand renewable energy use in foreign countries with many floating solar power installations is Feed-in-Tariffs (FITs). Foreign countries apply FIT to projects that have a secured grid connection, and lately, there has been a change in the direction of introducing or expanding auction systems. Vietnam and Taiwan give higher FIT to floating solar installations than land solar ones, and China, Vietnam, and Taiwan have higher FITs for certain regions. Compared to foreign countries where large-scale floating solar power installations have been installed, Korea has utilized Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) weights for residents' participation are provided additionally under the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS). In contrast to Korea, where residents' participation and benefit profit sharing are emphasized, the Netherlands provides opportunities for local residents to participate in floating solar power projects through cooperatives to improve the residents' acceptance.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-29
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• 2003

This paper examines the dynamics of environmental policy development in Korea by reviewing some of the ways on how the policy windows have been opened. There are a lot of theoretical arguments about the major factors influencing policy development or changes. Many scholars have believed that severe pollution accidents or salient environmental episodes might have been the main motivation of environmental policy development. This line of argument seems valid, especially with the water pollution control policy in Korea. Water pollution control programs had rapidly expanded along with the series of water pollution accidents in the tap water sources from the late 1980s to mid-1990s. However, regarding other major env. issues, various other factors have played more important roles in the development of the relevant policies. In case of air pollution control policy international sport events such as, 1986 Asian Games, 1988 Summer Olympics, and 2002 World Cup Competition, have contributed for the development. The municipal solid waste management policy partly owed its development to the introduction of local autonomy system in the mid-1990s. Even the foreign currency crisis occurring in December 1997 helped the policy paradigm shift from rigid supply-oriented to soft demand-oriented approaches. After closely looking at the dynamics of environmental policy development in Korea, this paper tries to identify the logical background of the observed outcomes.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2018

Nation-wide systematic and comprehensive measurements of air quality criteria species have been made over 340 sites currently in Korea since 1990. Using these data, temporal and spatial trends of $SO_2$, $PM_{10}$, $NO_2$, $O_3$, CO and $O_x(NO_2+O_3)$ were analyzed to characterize and evaluate implementing efficiency of air quality policy and regulations. Due to strict and effective policy to use cleaner fuels in late 1980s and 1990s, the primary pollutants, such as $SO_2$, CO, and $PM_{10}$ decreased sharply by early 2000s in all parts of Korea. After this period, their concentrations declined with much lower rates in most parts of Korea. In addition, isolated but noticeable numbers of places, especially in major ports, newly developing towns and industrial parks, sustained high levels or even showed further degradation. Despite series of emission control strategies were enforced since early 1990s, $NO_2$ concentrations haven't changed much till 2005, due to significant increase in number of automobiles. Nevertheless, we confirmed that the staggering levels of $NO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ improved evidently after 2005, especially in Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), where enhanced regulations for $NO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ emissions was imposed to automobiles and large emission sources. However, their decreasing trends were much lessened in recent years again as current air quality improvement strategies has been challenged to revise further. In contrast to these primary species, annual $O_3$, which is secondary product from $NO_2$ and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), has increased consistently with about 0.6 ppbv per year in every urban part of Korea, while yearly average of daily maximum 8-hour $O_3$ in summer season had a much higher rate of 1.2 ppbv per year. Increase of $O_3$ can be explained mainly by reductions of NO emission. Rising background $O_3$ in the Northeast Asia and increasing oxidizing capacity by changing photochemistry were likely causes of observed $O_3$ increase. The future air quality policy should consider more effective ways to lower alarming level of $O_3$ and $PM_{10}$.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.244-259
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• 2015

The Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment(SEIA) in Korea has been introduced and implemented for 15 policy-level plans and 86 project-level plans since 2012. Lately an important issue of the Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) policy has been emerged regarding the expansion of the policy-level plans subjected to SEIA. Thus, we propose the plans that need to be included in the system, compared with those subjected to the Strategic Environmental Assessment(SEA) enforced in the law or the guideline of 10 foreign counties, especially with those of Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, and Netherlands. Specifically the study suggests that plans related to energy as well as land use, which are well known to cause potential environmental impacts and subjected to the federal-level SEA in those countries, should be the subject of SEIA.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 1998

General problems of environmental contamination, scope of environmental science and technology, some considerations to the development of Korean environmental technology, and G-7 environmental engineering technology Projects were shortly reviewed, And four different strategies for innovation of Korean environmental technology. First, development of Energy Policy and environmental technology based on the pro - environmental thought; second, development of systematic environmental science and technology : third, strengthening of pre- deliberation for imported foreign technology and promotion of utilization of native developed technology; finally, maximization of abilities for researchers and engineers in environmental technology field.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.177-204
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• 2003

In this paper, we analyze a rather vaguely-defined concept of environmental consciousness by examining causal association among sub-concepts that constitute environmental consciousness; environmental concern, environmental policy evaluation, and environmental practice. An empirical research is conducted on Korean Ministry of Environment's 2000 survey. It was found that environmental concern and environmental practice were highly correlated. While environmental policy evaluation did not show any significant relationship with them, it depended heavily on regime-intimacy instead. Socio-economic factors showed different effects on sub-concepts. Elder and more-educated people showed more environmental concern while female and elderly people were more active on environmental practice. These findings are different from foreign studies, which may suggest that our environmental movement could be understood quite differently from their experience.