• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.163-196
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• 2005

In modern society, there is given rise to a lots of environmental controversies. This disputes bring about the social problems. The reason that this kinds of dispute is frequently brought in our society is that our society is democratized and a nation asserts his rights strongly. And also the reason is that there is not enough the legal system which is able to settle such a dispute amicably. Thus this thesis deals with the arbitration systems as the way to solve the dispute of environmental problems. This paper is composed as follows. 1. Introduction 2. The cause of trouble still exists in our society related to environmental controversy 3. A general settlement procedure of environmental disputes 4. Administrative grievance mediation 5. Environmental disputes and arbitration systems 6. Conclusion

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1994.02a
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• pp.469-475
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• 1994

This paper presents a brief survey of current methodology available for quantitative risk assessment of environmental carcinogens. Four current models for low-dose extrapolation are reviewed. Current problems and controversies and possible options in doing quantitative risk assessments based on chronic animal studies are discussed.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2008

It seems to be difficult to bridge between human and nature. All depictions of nature are not necessarily reflections of reality. Thoughts are projected into nature, then nature will reflect us. The world is composed of natural and cultural environment. There are differences between depiction of nature based on correspondence and construction of world. Environmental aesthetics is an emerging field of study that focuses on nature's aesthetic value as well as on its ethical and environmental implications. Allen Carlson, a pioneer in environmental aesthetics, provides challenges as well as a wealth of resources for those who would appropriate his ideas in the service of environmental protection. Carlson's positive aesthetics, his focus on the functionality of human environments, and his integration of aesthetics and ethics have great import for those seeking to use aesthetics to assist in addressing environmental controversies. Environmental ethics would benefit from taking environmental aesthetics more seriously. Environmental aesthetics is an emerging discipline that explores the meaning and influence of environmental perception and experience on human life. Arguing for the idea that environment is not merely a setting for people but fully integrated and continuous with us, Arnold Berleant explores the aesthetic dimensions of the human-environment continuum in both theoretical terms and concrete situations. Aesthetic experience is always contextual. The aesthetic aspect of any human habitat is an essential part of its desirability. The aesthetic perception of environment shows us the reciprocity that constitutes both person and place. The genuine beauty lies in the coexistence and harmony with natural environment.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2004

Forestry sector has witnessed some unprecedented events in the recent past both in terms of galloping biotechnological developments and heated environmental debates over risks associated with release of transgenic trees. Improvements in the in vitro propagation techniques has made it possible to develop tissue culture based plant regeneration protocols just for about any tree species. And with the inclusion of every new species within the realms of tissue culture technology, it becomes a candidate for genetic improvement through recombinant DNA technology, the so called genetic engineering. Poplars and their hybrids serve as the model tree species on which most of the genetic transformation work as been carried out. A lot of work has also gone in genetic transformation of fruit trees and trees of horticultural interests. Trees have been successfully transformed for traits ranging from reduction of length of juvenile phase to alteration of tree architecture to altering wood quality by lignin and cellulose modification. More-over trees have been genetically engineered successfully to combat various types of insect pests and pathogens causing diseases. But all these developments have ignited controversies over the possible benefits and risks associated with transgenic plantations by various environmental agencies and activists. Solutions to most of these concerns can be found out with more intensive prioritized research.

• Architectural research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.53-61
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• 2017

This study aims to understand and analyze the social recognition and debate shown during the progress of the Asian Culture Complex (ACC) public project as well as the environmental evaluation performed by provincial community members. A 30-question survey based on a Likert scale was conducted with 150 experts. The study showed, first, that despite controversies over landmarks and historical locations, the quality of the architect's first draft was considered fairly high. However, vibrant landmarks were greatly desired. Furthermore, respondents reported conflicting recognitions of the same concept, which were defined differently depending on the terms and concepts used by the architect. Second, historical locations were considered important. The architects' final design was modified based on quality and in response to social pressure, resulting in the partial retention of the provincial government annex building. Although the first draft was considered to be of high quality, the modified plan was considered even better than the original design, revealing the 2-fold characteristics of the identical phenomenon in the environmental evaluation. Third, many groups held opinions that were balanced between the architects' originality and the value of community-based recognition; hence, the social inclination and evaluation of the project differed across the public.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.403-412
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• 2014

This article chronicles key shifts in intellectual property regimes in the twentieth century as they related to the commercialization of academic research. The institutionalization and growth of scientific research in the research university in the twentieth century and the increasing awareness of its potential to promote technology innovation and economic growth posited an important question of the ownership of knowledge created in the academic setting, where knowledge was traditionally regarded as a common property among academic researchers. This paper shows the ownership of academic knowledge emerged as a key public policy and legal issue in the latter half of the twentieth century for academic researchers and government officials who pursue the commercialization of academic knowledge for private gain and public benefit. The resulting institutionalization of patent management in the research university and shifts in federal patent policy in turn opened a new legal avenue for the establishment of the private ownership of academic knowledge and the expansion of intellectual property rights in academia, especially in the area of biological and biomedical research. Reflecting upon historical shifts in intellectual property regimes in the twentieth century, this paper suggests recent controversies regarding ownership of biological knowledge and profit sharing in developing counties are linked to critical issues pertinent to the welfare of indigenous population, utilization of new natural resources, and sustainable development for humanity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.278-288
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• 2019

Objectives: The objectives of this study are to summary controversy over health risks among semiconductor workers, to review major cancer risk results conducted in semiconductor operation and to evaluate occupational health activities in Korea for controlling hazardous agents generated in semiconductor operations Methods: Major occupational health issues that has been social controversies among semiconductor workers since 2007 were reviewed through an extensive literature, report and article review. Results: Since a female semiconductor worker aged 22 died from leukemia in 2007, job-association of a number of former semiconductor workers with various types of cancer and rare diseases have been denied by the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service (KWCWS), but some of them were later awarded compensation as an occupational disease by the administrative court. Two epidemiologic cancer risk studies conducted in Korea found increased risks in leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among semiconductor workers. Various legal occupational health activities taken in semiconductor industry were found to fail to assess a complex characteristics of semiconductor operations, such as drastic changes in chemical use, processes, and technology, multiple exposure. National compensation regulation also showed the limitation to evaluate job-association of semiconductor workers who had worked in semiconductor operation. Conclusions: National legal measures should be taken to improve several occupational health activities and duties for protecting workers. In addition, the KWCWS program should be revised so that all workers who meet minimal job or environment associations can be compensated.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.215-220
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• 2016

The global cultivation area of genetically modified crops (GM crops) has been increasing every year. Cultivation of GM crops is not only beneficial to the economy but also has positive effects on the environment in decreasing the use of agrochemicals, chemical fertilizers, and agricultural machinery. However, there have been controversies about the admixture of GM crops and non-GM crops and the unintentional release of GM crops to the environment. Especially in Korea, where consumption of agricultural products is import-dependent, the economic importance of GM crops has been a significant issue. The Act on import and distribution of GM crops was established in 2001 to start the management of GM crops in Korea. Recently, the imported amount of GM crops to Korea has reached over 10 million tons and is increasing very rapidly; consequently, the potential environmental impact of GM crops is becoming a big issue in Korea. In Japan, the discovery of imported GM canola plants around ports in 2005 raised awareness of the unintentional release of GM crops. In Korea, GM maize plants were also found in port and feed factory surroundings from 2005 to 2007. It is now necessary to monitor imported GM crops by tracing distribution, transport process for practical environmental risk assessment. Possible gene transfer from GM crops to non-GM crops should also be investigated in the cultivation area and the surroundings as well.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 2001

Korean ginseng products have been fumigated with ethylene oxide (EO) for sterilization and prolongation of storage periods. However, there had been controversies indicating that the consumption of food treated with EO might cause harmful effects in human. Since, in Korea the use of EO gas for food treatment was banned in 1991. Since then, irradiation technique has been developed as an alternative. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of irradiated ginseng on fertility, and reproductive and developmental toxicity. Either EO gas fumigated or gamma-irradiated ginseng was administered to male rats by oral gavage for 63 days during the premating period. Female rats were administered from 14 days before mating to day 20 of gestation or to day 21 of lactation. The exposure amount of irradiation used was 5, 10 and 30 kGy, respectively. There were no treatment related changes of darns in clinical signs, and parturition. No treatment related changes in food consumption, body/organ weights, male/female reproductive and fertility performances were observed. F1 fetuses showed no external abnormality. Reflex/sensory junctions, physical/behavioral development, and reproductive performance of F1 rats were not adversary affected. The results of this study show that gamma-irradiated ginseng, up to 30 kGy, has no adverse effects on the fertility, reproduction and development in Wistar rats.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.8 no.1_2
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• pp.11-18
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• 1965

Since Taquet's first discovery of wild P. yedoensis at Mt. Halla, Korea, in 1908, its morphological chracteristics and question of origin of cultivated yedoensis have given controversies to the botanists. Takenaka, through his experiments on the hybridity of cultivated P. yedoensis, recently holds the opinion that P. yedoensis might have originated in Izu peninsula, Japan. The author presents the summarized report on the wild P. yedoensis and its putative parents based on his 2 years' investigated carried out at Mt. Halla during his breeding experiment of genus Prunus. The species of cherry tree used in the present investigation were identified by Prof. Mankyu Park and Mr. Jonghyu Pu, Korean taxonomists. 1) Wild cherry trees which grow wild in Mt. Halla and whose blooming season is April are mostly P. subhirtella var. pendula form. ascendens and P. donarium P. yedoensis is rare in number, around 10 individuals, having been found in a half century. 2) Individuals of wild yedoensis are variable in some of their morphological characteristics. This is, also, true in other species of Prunus. 3) Wild yedoensis whose vigorous growth, sterility, and rarity in number suggest hybrid origin, has intermediate characteristics between the P. subhirtella and P. donarium. 4) Due to the abnormal weather of the island and various environmental factors such as havbitats, some of the early-blooming subhirtella and late-blooming donarium would bloom at the same time, giving these two species the changes to cross. 5) Wild yedoensis is slightly different in some of its quantitative characters from cultivated species.