• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.9-20
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to improve sanitary conditions at the beauty shops by informing the owners and employees to be aware of the public health. The data were obtained by the Physical investigation (August 1 to 30, 2001) of the sanitary Problems at 112 beauty shops in Daegu Metrpolitan area and by the surveys from the employees and customers. By analysis these data with SAS/PC+(ver. 6.12) and $x^2-test$, we have obtained the following results. 1. The numbers of the beauty shop workers (67.86% of the shops) were two including the owner, and only 18.75% of the workers had the regular public health training session. Even at the training sessions, no public health specialist was available as an instructor. 2. Sanitary conditions of the floor (92.76%), washer (88.93%) and rest room (74.11%) at the beauty shops were satisfactory. However, only 3.57% of the beauty shop used the vacuum cleaner that would be far more effective than the bloom to remove hairs from the floor. 3. About 91.07% (102 shops) did not or poorly sterilize equipments, and 91.76% (103 shops) did not store the sterilized or non-sterilized equipments separately. The shops that had the ultraviolet sterilizer that is required by the public health regulation were 53.57% (60 shops), and only 2.67% (3shops) actually used it. 4. About 82.14% (72 shops) used Oxyclean and detergent for washing the fabrics such as towels and gowns. About 11.61% (13 shops) used only detergent and 3.57% (4 shops) used the boiling sterilization method. No shop used the customer gown once per customer, and only 2.68% (3 shops) washed the used gown daily.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.156-165
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• 2017

This study quantitatively assessed the environmental impacts of fuel cell (FC) systems by performing life cycle assessment (LCA) and analyzed their energy efficiencies based on energy return on investment (EROI) and electrical energy stored on investment (ESOI). Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) system and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system were selected as the fuel cell systems. Five different paths to produce hydrogen ($H_2$) as fuel such as natural gas steam reforming (NGSR), centralized naptha SR (NSR(C)), NSR station (NSR(S)), liquified petroleum gas SR (LPGSR), water electrolysis (WE) were each applied to the FCs. The environmental impacts and the energy efficiencies of the FCs were compared with rechargeable batteries such as $LiFePO_4$ (LFP) and Nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH). The LCA results show that MCFC_NSR(C) and PEMFC_NSR(C) have the lowest global warming potential (GWP) with 6.23E-02 kg $CO_2$ eq./MJ electricity and 6.84E-02 kg $CO_2$ eq./MJ electricity, respectively. For the impact category of abiotic resource depletion potential (ADP), MCFC_NGSR(S) and PEMFC_NGSR(S) show the lowest impacts of 7.42E-01 g Sb eq./MJ electricity and 7.19E-01 g Sb eq./MJ electricity, respectively. And, the energy efficiencies of the FCs are higher than those of the rechargeable batteries except for the case of hydrogen produced by WE.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.289-295
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• 1998

Used gasoline engine oils(UGEO) are carcinogenic in long term studies and capable of increasing the number of carcinogen-DNA adducts in short term studies when dermally applied to mice. The carcinogenic risk of UGEO has been attributed to the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH) which accumulate in the lubricating system during the combustion of gasoline. When dermally exposed to UGEO, the use of hand cleanser was commonly recommended for removing it. But generally workers who dermally exposed oils, use kerosene as cleaner which make skin trouble. During this study, female mice aged 4-6 weeks were utilized to evaluate the efficiency of kerosene, as solvent-based cleanser, following dermal exposure to UGEO. DNA adduct were detected at skin and lung tissues by using the $^{32}P$-postlabeling method. Washing with cleansers were done at two different interval times following dermal application of UGEO. The total DNA adducts in skin and lung tissues were statistically significantly increased in positive control groups, and of which the total adduct level in skin tissues was statistically significant higher than those in lung tissues(p=0.005). When washing kerosene, the DNA adduct level in skin tissues was statistically significantly decreased(p=0.0001). But DNA adducts in lung tissue was statistically increased(p=0.0039), and that washed at 8hr post exposure was more severly increase(p<0.05). The slope of regression between DNA adducts of lung between skin tissues was 1.0802. In conclusion, skin cleaning with kerosene facilitates passage of carcinogens to the lungs of animals dermally treated with used gasoline engine oils(UGEO).

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2010

The object of this research is to conform of practicable possibility and recycling of producing junk after citrus fruits is processed. With extracting d-limonene oil that have 70~90% a component of oil out of junk citrus peel, making certain the about 12000ppm concentration of it. Limonene derived from citrus in jeju using conventional synthetic detergents can be replaced with the development of environmentally friendly natural detergent investigated the possibility. Mostly due to ocean dumping, disposal and cause environmental problems by recycling natural citrus cleaner alternative to the research conducted on the possibility. Cleaning efficiency with temperature did not affect the largest concentrations were able to identify the difference between cleaning efficiency. At least 10% of the d-limonene oil could be from the cleaning performance, increasing the concentration of the cleaning efficiency was increased in size. Ultrasonic is very high removal efficiency under the conditions shown in the cause of pure self-generated ultrasonic cleaning power as co-effects of d-limonene oil appears to chemical cleaning effect of ultrasonic cavitation occurs in the physical cleaning effect due to a combination of synergistic stability is maximized by low concentrations of d-limonene oil in a short time showed an excellent cleaning ability. Having the ability of cleaning at the same time, considering the side recycling in the junk citrus peels reflects possibility of basic materials utility eco-friendly in the skin soap, bath soap, cosmetics etc, through ability of exclusion a contaminant in based cleaning effect(EC) it can prospect substitution effect environmentally in the pre existence synthetic detergents.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.477-485
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• 2013

The major source of harmful air pollutants in Korea have been shifted as economy grows. Particulate matter(PM) and Sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) emitted from industries and coal-fired domestic sectors were important pollutants in 1970's and later industrializing period of Korea. Then the characteristic of pollution was changed into so-called "developed country type pollution". Vehicles have been responsible for significant amount of Nitric oxide ($NO_x$) pollution and consequent Ozone formation in urban area since 1990's. Variety of control measures have been introduced to deal with the vehicle emissions in Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). Emission control technologies have successfully reduced pollutants from vehicles. Three-way catalyst for vehicles fueled by gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), for example, has achieved large amount of pollutants. Compressed natural gas (CNG) urban bus have penetrated existing diesel bus market and reduces PM and $NO_x$ emissions in many Korean cities. However, diesel vehicles are still reaming as a critical emission source of urban area. Diesel vehicles gain more popularity than ever because of their better fuel efficiency and driving power. Unfortunately, it is widely known that the pollutant emissions of diesel vehicles are much larger than those of gasoline and LPG vehicles. In this note, we briefly introduce the trends of emission control strategies which are accomplished by automotive industries for about last ten years. Emission regulation, cleaner fuel, diesel particulate filter (DPF) and other measures are discussed from technical as well as legislative perspectives.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.272-280
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of worker exposure to hazardous chemical substances and propose the direction of work environment management for protecting worker's health in the semiconductor assembly process. Methods: Four assembly lines at two semiconductor manufacturing companies were selected for this study. We investigated the types of chemicals that were used and generated during the assembly process, and evaluated the workers' exposure levels to hazardous chemicals such as benzene and formaldehyde and the current work environment management in the semiconductor assembly process. Results: Most of the chemicals used at the assembly process are complex mixtures with high molecular weight such as adhesives and epoxy molding compounds(EMCs). These complex mixtures are stable when they are used at room temperature. However workers can be exposed to volatile organic compounds(VOCs) such as benzene and formaldehyde when they are used at high temperature over $100^{\circ}C$. The concentration levels of benzene and formaldehyde in chip molding process were higher than other processes. The reason was that by-products were generated during the mold process due to thermal decomposition of EMC and machine cleaner at the process temperature($180^{\circ}C$). Conclusions: Most of the employees working at semiconductor assembly process are exposed directly or indirectly to various chemicals. Although the concentration levels are very lower than occupational exposure limits, workers can be exposed to carcinogens such as benzene and formaldehyde. Therefore, workers employed in the semiconductor assembly process should be informed of these exposure characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.341-346
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• 1997

The degradation of fungicide oxadixyl in soil amended with manure, chemical fertilizers, heavy metals and detergent was studied. The degradation of oxadixyl in the soil was slow, but became to be fast after the lag phase of about 14 days. The half-life was 10.5 days. The degradation rate was accelerated largely by the amendment of manure. Potassium also promoted the degradation rate but nitrogen and phosphate did not. The heavy metals inhibited the degradation rate, in order of Ni, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn. The degradation rate was declined greatly with the addition of synthetic detergent. The microbial biomass and the respiration rate in the soil were increased by the amendment of manure and chemical fertilizers, but decreased by the addition of heavy metals and cleaner. The degradation rate of oxadixyl was positively correlated with the microbial biomass and the respiration rate.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1687-1692
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• 2019

In the era of the fourth industrial revolution, advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things(IoT) and big data are emerging. However, the level of application of IoT to indoor environment is very weak. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a system for analyzing air pollutants or indoor air quality through real-time monitoring using the IoT. This paper implements a system that measures indoor environmental values using Arduino and various sensors, and stores the information obtained from various sensors into a database of server. The information stored in the server was built as a database and utilized in the ventilation system or air cleaner installed in the home or company's room. In the proposed system, it is possible to check the immediate indoor environmental condition through the LED status display of the monitoring sensor module while reducing the cost of the sensor used to implement IoT technology.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.334-342
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• 2016

Conventional eco-design has been implemented based only on the environmental aspects of a product. Key components of a product identified from the analysis of the environmental aspects have been the target for improvement in the conventional eco-design. The use of eco-design index (EDI) considering both the environmental and economic aspects, and utility value (UV) of a product can be envisaged as an alternative way of implementing and assessing the eco-design. The objective of this study was to propose the logic of the EDI and apply it to the components for performing printing function of the multi-function printer. The EDI was formulated by quantifying the UV, life cycle environmental impact (LCE) and life cycle cost (LCC) of the components of a product, here components of the printer. Of the eight components investigated, roller was identified as the best performing consumable in both the environmental and economic aspects. However, its UV was the lowest among the eight. The EDI of the roller was mere $4^{th}$ in ranking out of the eight. Transfer belt ranked $8^{th}$ and $5^{th}$ in the environmental and economic aspects, respectively, while $2^{nd}$ in the utility value with its EDI ranked $3^{rd}$. This indicates that not only the environmental aspects but also economic and utility value aspects should be considered when identifying the key components for improvement in the eco-design.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.83-101
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• 2005

Because of its strong potential for health hazards, the concentration levels of airborne lead (Pb) have been circumscribed by environmental laws in many countries. In this study, we made a comparative study on the environmental behavior of Pb for the acquisition of its distribution characteristics using data sets collected from major cities in Korea for a period of 6 years (1998 through 2003). According to this study, Pb concentration decreased slowly in most industrialized cities of Koreathroughout the whole study. period. In contrast, such temporal signals were not evident in data sets collected from residential, commercial, and grassland areas. Although seasonal patterns generally exhibited the occurrences of high Pb concentration during the spring, results appear to reflect the influence of Asian Dust (AD) in the springtime. The results of our study clearly indicate that Pb distribution is strongly influencedby source types in relation to their land use patterns. Comparison of our Pb data sets with that of other countries indicates that Pb concentration levels obtained from relatively cleaner districts of Korea are still significantly higher than other countries. The results of this analysis generally indicate that Pb concentrations in most areas are affected by the type and strength of man-made activities. Considering that most areas are affected by a variety of pollutants, continuous efforts are needed to control Pb concentrations in the atmosphere.