• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.185-201
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• 1994

The Quercus mongolica forest vegetation of Mt. Myongji was classified into two communities including four subunit communities and one typical subunit community by the Z-M method as follows: Acer pseudo-sieboldianum-Quercus mongolica community group Quercus mongolica - Isodon excisus community Quercus mongolica - Styrax obassia community Quercus mongolica - Lespedeza bicolor subunit coummunity Quercus mongolica - Aconitum longecassidatum subunit community Quercus mongolica - Rhododendrom schlippenbachii subunit community Quercus mongolica - Cornus controversa subunit community Quercus mongolica - Styrax obassia typical subunit community Acer pseudo-sieboldianum - Quercus mongolica community group was distributed over the upper region of the altitude 400m, and the differential species in the community were Carex siderosticata, Sephanandra incisa, Tripterygium regelii, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla. The vegetation patterns for the slope and azimuth showed that the highest importance value for Quercus mongolica forest was observed on the broad subxeric area, and for Carpinus cordata and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum on the wet site, for Acer mono, Styrax obassia, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa on the xeric site. The best habitat condition for Quercus mongolica was found at a subxeric site at the altitude of 700-900m on southern slope and that for Acer pseudo-sieboldianum at the 700-1100m on northern slope.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.149-163
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• 2015

The aim of the present study was to assess the variation in species composition and diversity of woody species at different altitudes (900 to 2600 m asl) in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary (KWLS) and its adjoining areas in Garhwal Himalaya, India. A total of 94 woody plant species (including 44 tree and 50 shrub species) belonging to 72 genera and 44 families were reported. Density varied from $235{\pm}9$ to $505{\pm}21trees\;ha^{-1}$ and $4,730{\pm}474$ to $9,530{\pm}700shrubs\;ha^{-1}$. Total basal cover varied from $10.49{\pm}0.66$ to $42.92{\pm}2.57m^2ha^{-1}$ (trees) and $0.36{\pm}0.024$ to $0.62{\pm}0.047m^2ha^{-1}$ (shrubs). Shannon-Wiener Index fluctuated between 2.30 to 3.53 (trees) and 2.74 to 3.78 (shrubs). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that altitude and aspect had significant effect on the distribution of woody species. Taxonomically, Rosaceae with 15 species emerged as the dominant family. Low value of maturity index and contiguous distribution of species denoted the early successional status of the studied forests. The conservation assessment based on altitudinal regimes and the information on species structure and function can provide baseline information for monitoring and sustaining the biodiversity.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2009.04b
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• pp.219-221
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• 2009

This paper analyzes efficiency of photovoltaic(PV) tracking system using solar location algorithm(SLA). Solar location tracking system is needed for efficiently and intensively using PV system independent of environmental condition. PV tracking system of program method is presented a high tracking accuracy without the wrong operating in rapidly changed insolation by the clouds and atmospheric condition. Therefore, this paper analyzes efficiency of PV system using SLA for more correct position tracking of solar. Also, controlled altitude angle and azimuth angle by applied algorithm is compared with data of korea astronomy observatory. And this paper analyzes the tracking error and proves the validity of applied algorithm.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.423-428
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• 2021

The performance of wind profilers were evaluated in Bukgangneung and Changwon, where both wind profilers and radiosonde are being operated. From December 2019 to November 2020, the acquisition rate of wind speed data by altitude and month was investigated and compared with the wind speed of radiosonde. The acquisition rate of normal data increased at the minimal observable altitude, and then decreased again from 2 km or more at the two observation sites. The acquisition rate was high in summer (June, July, August), and low in winter (December, January, February). The results compared with radiosonde showed high correlation of 0.9 in the high mode and 0.8 in the low mode.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.117-129
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• 2010

The present study was undertaken in moist temperate forest of Mandal-Chopta area in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. The aim of the present study was to assess the physical properties of soils in relation to the forest structure and composition. Twelve forest types according to the altitude, slope aspect and species compositions were selected for the study. Physical properties of soil i.e., soil colour, soil texture (per cent of sand, silt and clay), moisture content, water holding capacity, porosity, bulk density (gm/$cm^3$) and void ratio were analyzed for three different depths viz., (i) 'upper' (0-10 cm), (ii) 'middle' (11-30 cm) and (iii) 'lower' (31-60 cm) in all the selected forest types. Phytosociological and diversity parameters viz. total basal cover ($Gha^{-1}$), stem density ($Nha^{-1}$), tree species richness, Simpson concentration of dominance and Shannon-Wiener diversity index were also calculated for each forest type. This study also provides the comparisons between the results of physical analysis of the present study with numerous other previous studies in the temperate Himalayan region of the Uttarakhand.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

Species diversity is one of the most important specifications of biological societies. Diversity of organisms, measurement of variety and examination of those hypotheses that are about reasons of diversity are such as affairs that have been desired by the ecologists for a long time. In this research, diversity of plant species in forest region, numbers of 60 sample plots in 256.00 square meters have been considered in random - systematic inventory was considered. In each sample plot, four micro-plots in 2.25 square meters in order to study on herbal cover, were executed that totally 240 micro-plots were considered. At each plot six diversity indices in relation to physiographic factors (slope, geographical aspect and altitude from the sea level) were studied. The results indicate that species diversity is more in the northern direction and also species diversity in slops less than 30% has the most amounts. Factor of altitude from the sea level did not have meaningful relation with species diversity. Through study on correlation of the numbers of species in sample plots with indices and also process and role of indices in different processors of analysis, Simpson's reciprocal index was suggested as suitable index in this type of studies.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.122-132
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to survey and analyze the environmental awareness and attitude of elementary school students, adapting the CHEAKS(Children's Environmental Attitude and Knowledge Scale) for Korean elementary students, which is the valid-tested tools for children's environmental awareness and altitude. The subjects are 580 students from 6 elementary schools. The differences of the environmental attitude are surveyed and analyzed by environmental education activities, such as environmental activities in school and “the school forest movement”, and environmental awareness and concern. The results are as followings: First, the subjects replied that the environmental problems are very serious, such as atmospheric pollution(37.6%), water pollution(22.2%) and food waste(16.3%), but they are relatively optimistic of the future environment. Second, the verbal commitment subdomain and the affect domain are evaluated higher than the actual commitment subdomain, and the environmental issues of water, energy and recycling are considered more importantly than other issues such as environmental generals, pollutions and animals. Third, the grade and the sex have little effect on the environmental attitude, but the environmental education activities have great positive effect, such as the experience of environmental camping, the education of saving resources, waste separation and the experience of raising plants and flowers. Fourth, the students with high awareness and concern about the environmental problems have high environmental attitude. Especially, the awareness and concern on the flowers and plants have very strong correlation with environmental attitude, regardless of the subdomains. Finally, the students from the school participating “the school forest movement” have relatively positive environmental attitude. Particularly, the participation of students and the positive approach of the school have positively great influence on the students' environmental attitude in all of 3 subdomains and 6 environmental issues.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.31
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• pp.3.1-3.11
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• 2016

Objectives This study was conducted to describe the regional malaria incidence in relation to the geographic and climatic conditions and describe the effect of altitude on the expansion of malaria over the last decade in Papua New Guinea. Methods Malaria incidence was estimated in five provinces from 1996 to 2008 using national health surveillance data. Time trend of malaria incidence was compared with rainfall and minimum/maximum temperature. In the Eastern Highland Province, time trend of malaria incidence over the study period was stratified by altitude. Spatio-temporal pattern of malaria was analyzed. Results Nationwide, malaria incidence was stationary. Regionally, the incidence increased markedly in the highland region (292.0/100000/yr, p =0.021), and remained stationary in the other regions. Seasonality of the malaria incidence was related with rainfall. Decreasing incidence of malaria was associated with decreasing rainfall in the southern coastal region, whereas it was not evident in the northern coastal region. In the Eastern Highland Province, malaria incidence increased in areas below 1700 m, with the rate of increase being steeper at higher altitudes. Conclusions Increasing trend of malaria incidence was prominent in the highland region of Papua New Guinea, while long-term trend was dependent upon baseline level of rainfall in coastal regions.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.190-199
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• 2011

A photovoltaic energy map that included a topography effect on the Korean peninsula was developed using the Gangneung-Wonju National University (GWNU) solar radiation model. The satellites data (MODIS, OMI and MTSAT-1R) and output data from the Regional Data Assimilation Prediction System (RDAPS) model by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) were used as input data for the GWNU model. Photovoltaic energy distributions were calculated by applying high resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to the topography effect. The distributions of monthly accumulated solar energy indicated that differences caused by the topography effect are more important in winter than in summer because of the dependency on the solar altitude angle. The topography effect on photovoltaic energy is two times larger with 1 km resolution than with 4 km resolution. Therefore, an accurate calculation of the solar energy on the surface requires high-resolution topological data as well as high quality input data.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.2 s.149
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• pp.157-163
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• 2007

Trillium tschonoskii Maxim. is a kind of 64 endangered plant species designated by the Ministry of Environment in Korea. It is very a rare native plant throughout the country. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the native T. tschonoskii in Ulleung Island for their distribution and ecological characteristics. They were mostly distributed valley, mid-slope of the mountain from 186 to 458 m altitude. They had a little low light conditions as they faced west, north west, south west, south-south west, north-north east and east-east north. They were provided with slightly humid condition. Aerial humidities of these quadrates were variable as 21.5-71%. They were located on the variable slopes of 5 to 43 degrees. Soil humidity was slightly dry. Native sites were semi-shaded because tree layer such as Tilia insularis, Zelkova serrata, okamotoanum etc.and sub-tall tree layer such as Ligustrum foliosum, Comellia japonica, Tilia insularis, Callicarpa japonica and so on were grown near by. Woody plants such as A. Okamotoanum, Sorbus commixta, Fagus japonica var. multinervis etc. were frequently observed. These environmental conditions were suitable that T. tschonoskii grows up naturally because of high Percentage as 52.78% of blooming individuals in this study. These native sites were classified with three communities, T. tschonoskii-Majanthemum dilatatum community, T. tschonoskii-Anthriscus sylvestris community and T. tschonoskii-Hepatica maxima community in accordance with altitude and aerial humidity. The best way ffr the preservation of T. tschonoskii habitats and maintainance of its recent population is maintained in recent environmental condition and ecological condition without any management by human-being.