• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.174-182
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was conducted in order to develop a computerized test to measure the level of mathematic achievement and related cognitive functions in children and adolescents in South Korea. Methods: The computerized Comprehensive Learning Test-Mathematic (CLT-M) consists of the whole number computation test, enumeration of dot group test, number line estimation test, numeral comparing test (magnitude/distance), rapid automatized naming test, digit span test, and working memory test. To obtain the necessary data and to investigate the reliability and validity of this test, 399 children and adolescents from kindergarten to middle school were recruited. Results: The internal consistency reliability of the CLT-M was high (Cronbach's alpha=0.76). Four factors explained 66.4% of the cumulative variances. In addition, the data for all of the CLT-M subtests were obtained. Conclusion: The computerized CLT-M can be used as a reliable and valid tool to evaluate the level of mathematical achievement and associated cognitive functions in Korean children and adolescents. This test can also be helpful to detect mathematical learning disabilities, including specific learning disorder with impairment in mathematics, in Korea.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.491-505
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• 2017

This study investigated the development and core mechanism of subitizing in children and adults as well as provides related theoretical and practical discussions. This study was conducted to determine if subitizing changed with the age of participants and if there were differences in subitizing according to the spacing, color, and shape of the stimuli. The subitizing task set (including forty main trials) was prepared. Forty-five children (fifteen each in groups of 3, 4, and 5-year-olds) and fifteen adults were recruited to perform the subitizing tasks. The results demonstrated that the subitizing speed and accuracy of children improved abruptly between age 3 and age 4. Furthermore, there were significant differences in children's subitizing speed according to the spacing and color of the objects. The children's response time decreased when the objects were fully apart or were of diverse colors. In addition, there were partial significant differences in the subitizing speed of children related to the shape of the objects. The subitizing speed of children decreased in a condition (subitizing 5 objects of diverse colors in fixed spacing) when the shapes of the objects were diverse. The subitizing speed of adults only differed according to the space of the objects. The results demonstrate the development of subitizing in early childhood along with the presence of object individuation processing stages underlying subitizing. This study also provides practical information and suggestions for educational curricula that can strengthen the competency of children in systematic and diverse activities.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.349-367
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• 2021

In this study, 85 studies on probability education from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed by publishing year, journals, research subjects, and research topics. Especially, fundamental probabilistic ideas presented by Batanero et al.(2016) were applied to examine which topics were dominant in domestic probability education research. As a result, it was found that there has been a few research in probability education in Korea during the past 20 years, and the number of human subject studies was slightly more than the number of non-human subject studies. In addition, the analysis of research topics according to the fundamental probabilistic ideas showed that two topics, conditional probability and independence and combinatorial enumeration and counting, were dominant in domestic probability education research. However, while both conditional probability and independence and combinatorial enumeration and counting are introduced to young children using intuitive manners in international probability education research, subjects related to these topics were primarily high school students and pre and in-service teachers. Based on the results of this study, the implications for the goal and the direction of future probability education research were discussed.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.329-345
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• 2020

Purpose: This was a nationwide population-based study conducted to investigate the epidemiology, treatment, disease outcomes, and associated factors of childhood intussusception in South Korea. Methods: Data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database on all patients <18 years old diagnosed with intussusception from 2007 to 2017 were analyzed. Results: A total of 34,688 cases were identified among 30,444 patients. The overall incidence was 28.3/100,000 person-years with a male predominance. Most cases (83.1%) occurred in children <3 years old, with an annual incidence of 195.2, 200.1, and 118.6 cases per 100,000 children in their first, second, and third year of life, respectively. The median age at the first occurrence was 18.7 months, and it was higher in boys than in girls. The post-discharge recurrence rate was 10.6% (3,226/30,444) and the in-hospital recurrence rate was 6.1% (1,842/30,444). The total recurrence rate (post-discharge recurrence and/or in-hospital recurrence) was 15.0% (4,580/30,444). Enema reduction was successful in 90.0% of cases. Enema reduction was more successful in girls than in boys. A total of 3,296 (10.8%) patients underwent 3,481 surgeries, including 735 (21.1%) laparoscopic surgeries. Post-discharge recurrence and surgery were significantly affected by age, sex, and hospital type. Mortality was noted in nine cases (0.03%). Conclusion: Our study provides accurate epidemiologic data on the treatment and outcomes of intussusception through complete enumeration during an 11-year-period.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.295-299
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• 2008

Objectives : The Korean government in January 2006 instigated an exemption policy for hospitalized children under the age of six years old. This study examines how this policy affected the utilization of medical care in Korea. Methods : A total of 1,513,797 claim records from the Health Insurance Review Agency were analyzed by complete enumeration methods. The changes of medical utilization were compared from 2005 to 2006. In addition, the changes of medical utilization between 2004 and 2005 were compared as a pseudo-control group. Results : The admission rate increased 1.14-fold from 15.20% in 2004 to 17.32% in 2005, and this further increased 1.08-fold to 18.65% in 2006. The increase of patients with a common cold (1.2-fold) was higher than that of both the general patients (1.08-fold) and the patients, with the top 10 fatal diseases (0.91-fold). The average length of stay per case for clinics showed the highest increase rates (1.06-fold). The rates of patients with the common cold showed a higher increase (1.05-fold) than that of the general patients. The average medical expense per case was increased by 1.10-fold from 2005 to 2006, which was higher than that from 2004 to 2005 (1.04-fold). The increase rate for patients with the common cold was higher at 1.18-fold than that of the general patients. Conclusions : The cost exemption policy has especially led to an increase in the utilization of clinics and the utilization by patients with a common cold.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2004

The different growth steps of human show the different energetic phenomenon such as the strength of triple energizer, the sale of extra meridian, and the stability of 12 meridians. So we have to understand the physiological and pathological phenomena on this point of view. Especially atopic dermatitis means the loss of adaptability under the lack of genuine energy. If you approach to this disease not with any perception of excess or deficiency of the human genuine energy but with simple symptom enumeration or partial diagnosis, it will be dangerous. So we must approach to this disease with more concrete and objective body-centered standard. Thus when we cure and diagnose infants with this disease, we should focus on stablizing the "Energy of Earth(土)" digestive ability, under the consideration of inducement to the enough "Byun-Jeung-Hu(變蒸候)" and the function of Triple Energizer. Through this process we can lead infants to the beginning equipment state(始全). Until 7 years old, we should stabilize the Link Vessel(維脈) by clarifying interior and exterior classification of Nutritive Element and Defensive Energy to control the child's energy of metal(金), water(水), wood(木) and fire(火) in the basis of the energy of earth(土). And also we should stabilize the Heel Vessel(？脈) through the Water and Fire complement each other to control the movements and to control sleep and awakening. Through this process, we can lead children to the basal equipment state(本全). After then, until adolescent phase, we should control 12 meridian and 8 extra meridian by leading vital function to be harmonized and prosperous on the basis of the meridian to reach the mature equipment state(旣全). Adult atopic dermatitis should be controlled through conciliation between meridian and internal organs by differentiating male from female.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.489-497
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• 2011

Objectives : Based on data collected from patients who suffered from dental caries during the period between 1990 and 2008, the number of patients and their trends were analyzed as a source of evidence to conduct the oral health plan. Methods : A population of sample design for patient survey data was derived from computerized data saved at medical institutions accredited by National Health Insurance Corporation. Large institutions such as dental hospitals were included for the complete enumeration test, while the rest of medical institutions, for example, dental clinic, relatively small institutions, were used for the sample survey. Most of patients with dental caries were outpatients and their disease was treated at the dental hospital or dental clinic in general, therefore, main analysis was carried out at those institutions. Results : The rate of patients who suffered the dental caries has decreased to 56.8% in 2008 from 78.5% in 1990. The rate of patients who visited the dental hospital for treatment has increased to 4.8% in 2008 from 0.5% in 1990, whereas the percentage of those who visited the dental clinic has fallen to 97.9% from 99.5% during the same period. The ratio by age, in the meantime, it showed that patients aged 40s has increased to 13.5% in 2008 from 7.2% in 1990, and the number also has risen in 50s from 5.6% in 1990 to 9.9% in 2008. However, the number of children aged 0 to 9 who visited hospital for treatment of dental caries has fallen to 17.0% in 2008 from 33.9% in 1990. Conclusions : By figuring out the trends of patients with the dental caries during the period between 1990 and 2008, fundamental data for the oral health policy have been collected. As a result, the necessity of a new medical treatment system for managing the dental caries in terms of patient ages as well as the oral health policy and campaign was taken into consideration.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.27-46
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• 1997

It is generally known that the quality of Korean population census results is very high. The completeness of the census has been over 97% since 1960. The age errors are very low and they belong to the lowest group in the world. However, Korean census has several problems to be solved, which are suggested as the followings: 1) Since most Koreans are basically educated, we will be able to adopt the self-reporting survey method for the next census instead of the interview method. Then, we can save a lot of time and cost in a census. 2) We have to simplify, the items of age since the effects of the four age items (Korean ago, zodiac year at birth, birth date in solar or lunar calendar) are not large enough to compare to the investments of manpower and costs. 3) It should be helpful to improve the quality of census data if the post enumeration survey is conducted more successfully and the results evaluated for more items not only age are published. 4) For the reduction of the error rates for the age groups of infants, young children and the young labours who are moving frequently, we need some special items for the compliteness of the population census by age group. 5) We have to prepare and release the 1995 2% sample data file to the public users for the improvement of the usefuleness in time. Furtheremore, it is also very important for the research in the field of social sciences that the back series of 2% sample files from 1985 census data are reconstructed.