• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.313-319
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• 2012

Consumer's preference and microbial inspections on fresh raw beef were carried out to understand the actual market status in Gwanju, Korea. Over 15 questions on questionnaire by 1,111 randomly selected respondents between April and May in 2011, results showed 65.5% positive on eating fresh raw beef, 63.8% negative on good hygiene condition of fresh raw beef, and 72.5% positive on the secure of the hygiene-safety for priority program, respectively. For microbial inspections, a total of 302 samples were collected from fresh raw beef purchased from slaughterhouse (n=122), transport (n=69) and consumer (n=81) stage, from lettuce (n=30) at consumer stage. The aerobic plate count (APC), E. coli count and food borne bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus(S.) aureus and E. coli O157:H7 were tested in the samples. As results, the level of count on APC of fresh raw beef ranged $6{\times}10^1{\sim}1.8{\times}10^5CFU/g$ from slaughterhouse, $2{\times}10^2{\sim}8.3{\times}10^5CFU/g$ from transport stage and $1{\times}10^2{\sim}4{\times}10^5CFU/g$ from consumer stage. The level of count on E. coli of fresh raw beef ranged $1{\sim}9{\times}10^1CFU/g$ from slaughterhouse, $1{\sim}7{\times}10CFU/g$ from transport stage and $1{\sim}5.5{\times}10CFU/g$ from consumer stage. In total, 26 S. aureus were isolated, 10 (14.5%) from fresh raw beef at transport stage, 12 (14.8%) from fresh raw beef and 4 (13.3%) from lettuce at consumer stage. Enterotoxin of S. aureus was not detected among 26 isolates. All S. aureus isolates were typed using a DiversiLab$^{TM}$ rep-PCR system for genetic similarity test, showing over 95% of genetic relationship amon isolates.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 1999

Large bowel cancer shows the 4-5th frequency in cancers that occurs in Korea. The western medicine cures the Large bowel cancer by radiation, surgery and chemotherapy. While, Oriental medicine cures the Large bowel cancer by Herb-drugs, acupuncture, moxa and et al. With just one way of treating Large bowel cancer can't be effective remedy. Because each medicine has a strength and weakness, it is effective treatment when two medicine combines and supplement each other. We got the following result about a trend of oriental and western combination treatment for Large bowel cancer through studding records. 1. In Large bowel cancer, colon cancer is referred hematochezia(腸風下血), rectal cancer is refereed enterotoxin(腸毒), and anal cancer is accumulation of pathogens in yin(結陰). 2. The western medicine treats Large bowel cancer patient with surgery first. They need on assembly treatment such as chemical, radiation and immune treatment. In oriental medicine, they treats Large bowel cancer patients with differentiation of symptom and signs and treatment(辨證施治) for example, insufficiency of spleen and stomach(脾胃虛弱), collapse of the spleen-ql(脾氣下陷), stagnation of blood stasis and toxic agent(瘀毒內結), reinforcing both qi and blood(脾血下陷), stagnation of damp-phlegm(痰濕凝結) and cure for them by acupuncture and moxa too. 3. In combination with oriental and western medical treatment princple of Large bowel cancer by each stage is as follows. First stage is cured with radical surgery and herb-drugs without chemotherapy. The intermediate and terminal stage patients is used radiation before surgery, or after palliative surgery cour with chemotherapy, radiation and Herb-drugs. In terminal stage patients, unable for surgery, is used combination between chemotherapy, palliative radiation and Herb-drugs. 4. After radiation surgery, the terminal stage patients who have extensively lymph node metastasis or local contraindication is able to undergo combination of Herb-durgs and chemotherapy. 5. The cure-effect with oriental and western medicine combination treatment was better than that just with oriental or western medical treatment. 6. The merits of oriental and western medicine combination treatment lengthen one's life and diminish the bad effect of chemotherapy and complete radiation treatment, prevent from relapsing, maintain the balance in their environment of body and improve immunity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.1461-1471
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• 2017

Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and its non-toxic mutant (LTm) are well-known powerful mucosal adjuvants and immunogens. However, the yields of these adjuvants from genetically engineered strains remain at extremely low levels, thereby hindering their extensive application in fundamental and clinical research. Therefore, efficient production of these adjuvant proteins from genetically engineered microbes is a huge challenge in the field of molecular biology. In order to explore the expression bottlenecks of LTm in E. coli, we constructed a series of recombinant plasmids based on various considerations and gene expression strategies. After comparing the protein expression among strains containing different recombinant plasmids, the signal sequence was found to be critical for the expression of LTm and its subunits. When the signal sequence was present, the strong hydrophobicity and instability of this amino acid sequence greatly restricted the generation of subunits. However, when the signal sequence was removed, abundantly expressed subunits formed inactive inclusion bodies that could not be assembled into the hexameric native form, although the inclusion body subunits could be refolded and the biological activity recovered in vitro. Therefore, the dilemma choice of signal sequence formed bottlenecks in the expression of LTm. These results reveal the expression bottlenecks of LTm, provide guidance for the preparation of LTm and its subunits, and certainly help to promote efficient preparation of this mucosal adjuvant protein.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 2001

Cytokines are hormone-like proteins which mediate and regulast inflammatory and immune responses. Transforming growth factor -$\beta$1(TGF-$\beta$) plays an important role in the control of the immune response and wound healing, and in the development o various tissues and organs, Nitric oxide(NO) is major messenger molecule regulating immune function and blood vessel dilation and serving as a neurotransmitter in the brain and peripheral nervous system. Also, NO is to be a potent mutagen that cause mutation in the p53 tumor suppressor gene in early phases of human gastric carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Helicobacter phlori lystes, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and Staphylococcus enterotoxin B(SEB) on production of TGF-$\beta$1 and NO by human fibroblasts. Primary cultured human fibroblasts were incubated with H. pylori lysates(Hp), LPs, SEB, Hp+LPS, Hp+SEB, Hp+LPS+SEB. Cultured supernatants that were collected at 24, 48 and 72 hr were assessed for TGF-$\beta$1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and NO production by quantification of nitrite ion. TGF-$\beta$1 production in fibroblasts exposed with Hp, LPS or SEB for 48 hrs was enhanced, but for 72 hrs inhibited. Its production by doble exposure such as Hp+LPS, Hp+SEB, Hp+LPS+SEB was lowered in comparison with single exposure of Hp in cases of 24 and 48 hrs incubation, but for 72 hrs decreased in Hp vaculoating toxin(+), increased in Hp vacuolating toxin(-). No production in fibroblasts increaed at all doses of LPS. But its production by exposure of SEB increased or decreased according to dose and incubation time. Also, NO production by Hp vacuolating toxin(+) increased at all doses, but its production by Hp vacuolating toxin(-) decreased. Its production by doble exposure such as Hp+LPS, Hp+SEB, Hp+LPS+SEB decreased in comparison with single exposure Hp Therefore, quantities pf TGB-$\beta$1 and NO released by human fibroblasts shows differences according to kinds of stimulants. Also, in care stimulated with same kinds of stimulants, its productions exhibit quantitative differences according to exposure times. These results suggest that the decreased of TGF-$\beta$1 in fibroblasts by mixed exposure with Hp producing vacuolating toxin and bacterial toxins such as LPS and SEB may effect negatively in healing of host tissue and increased of NO by infection oh H. pylori may related to the increased susceptibility for human gastric carcinogenesis.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.332-344
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• 1999

Cytokines are hormone-like proteins which mediate and regulate inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is involved in the final differentiation of B cells into antibody-producing cells. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a neutrophil chemotactic factor that plays an important role in the recruitment of neutrophil to inflammatory loci. Inflammatory mediators by cells in the gingiva have been implicated in the initiation and progression of periodontitis and oral infection. The purpose of this study was conducted to investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) on production of IL-6 and IL-8 by human gingival and facial dermal fibroblasts. Primary cultured human gingival and facial dermal fibroblasts were incubated with LPS (0.01, 0.1, $1.0{\mu}g/ml$), SEB (0.01, 0.1, $1.0{\mu}g/ml$) or LPS $(0.1{\mu}g/ml)$ plus SEB $(0.1{\mu}g/ml)$. Culture supernatants were collected at 24, 48, and 72 hrs and assessed for IL-6 and IL-8 production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IL-6 production in gingival fibroblasts stimulated with LPS was higher than that with SEB. IL-6 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. IL-6 production in facial dermal fibroblasts was increased only by stimulation with a high concentration of LPS $(1.0{\mu}g/ml)$. Its production in facial dermal fibroblasts by exposure with SEB was decreased in comparison with control, nontreated cells. Therefore, gingival fibroblasts showed higher sensitivity than facial dermal fibroblasts in response to low concentration of LPS. Also, IL-6 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. IL-8 production in gingival fibroblasts was enhanced greatly only by stimulation of high concentration of LPS $(1.0{\mu}g/ml)$. That by exposure with SEB was increased only in 24 hrs cultivation. IL-8 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. IL-8 production in facial dermal fibroblasts was decreased by LPS and increased only in 48 hrs cultivation by SEB. IL-8 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was enhanced only in 48 hrs cultivation in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. therefore, IL-6 and IL-8 production were released at various quantities according to bacterial toxin applied and site of fibroblast harvested. These results suggest that gingival fibroblasts may be concerned with IL-6 and IL-8 related inflammatory response more than facial dermal fibroblasts.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.454-462
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• 2003

Recently, the HACCP(Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) system has been emphasized in food processing industries throughout the world. However, the system has, as yet, not been applied very well to domestic food industries. Due to the increase in the consumption of bakery products, more studies are required on the application of HACCP to establish the system in small-scale bakeries. This study was designed to provide basic data for setting management standards for HACCP, based on microbiological hazard evaluations of bakery products. Red bean paste filled breads, custard cream filled breads and cakes covered with fresh whipping cream were collected, and microbiological evaluations conducted on the raw materials, the manufacturing processes and potential hazards. The result showed the presence of coliforms in fresh cream of cakes and the soybean paste of soybean paste breads at levels as high as 105 CFU/g on the hazard analysis of the raw materials. Moreover, the general levels of bacteria and coliforms were over those of the standards during the intermediate fermentation and molding processes. Furthermore, high levels of coliforms were detected on the hands of the salesmen and bakers themselves. This suggests that the CCPs (Critical Control Points), such as fresh cream and red bean paste manufacturing process desperately require better management. There is also a requirement for education relating to personal hygiene for the production of hygienic bakery products and for the publics health.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.256-261
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• 2009

Bacillus cereus is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium and produces an emetic or diarrheal syndrome induced by an emetic toxin and an enterotoxin, respectively. In this study, the effect of different types of media, temperature, and time on the sporulation of B. cereus, and thermal resistance of B. cereus spores produced in various temperatures were evaluated. The highest levels of spores were detected when they are produced at $25^{\circ}C$. There were no significant differences in levels of spores produced at $25^{\circ}C$ among culture media and times while levels of spores produced at $43^{\circ}C$ were significantly reduced with the increase of time. However, thermal resistance of B. cereus spores could be affected by incubation temperature. In fact, higher D-values (12.0, 10.1, and 5.9 min for 2,4, and 6 weeks, respectively) of spores produced at $43^{\circ}C$ were observed than did in samples produced at other temperatures (25 and $37^{\circ}C$). D-values of spores were 7.7, 8.2, and 12.0 min when they were produced at 25,37, and $43^{\circ}C$ for 2 weeks, respectively. The sporulation of B. cereus at $25^{\circ}C$ could result in high amounts of spores however the sporulation at $43^{\circ}C$ for 2 weeks could be effective to produce thermal resistant spores.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.161-167
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• 2015

These commensal intestinal bacteria can enhance the immune system and aid in nutrient absorption but can also act as opportunistic pathogens. Among these intestinal bacteria, the anaerobic Bacteroides fragilis are divided into enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF) which secrete the B. fragilis toxin (BFT) and non-enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (NTBF) which do not secrete BFT. ETBF can cause diarrhea and colitis in both humans and livestock but can also be found in asymptomatic individuals. ETBF is predominantly found in patients with inflammatory diarrheal diseases and traveller's diarrhea. Several clinical studies have also reported an increased prevalence of ETBF in human patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colitis and colorectal cancer. In small animal models (C57BL/6 wild-type mice, germ-free mice, multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mice, rabbits and Mongolian gerbils), ETBF have been found to initiate and/or aggravate IBD, colitis and colorectal cancer. BFT induces E-cadherin cleavage in intestinal epithelial cells resulting in loss of epithelial cell integrity. Subsequent activation of the ${\beta}$-catenin pathway leads to increased cellular proliferation. In addition, ETBF causes acute and chronic colitis in wild-type mice as well as enhances tumorigenesis in Min mice via activation of the Stat3/Th17 pathway. Currently, ETBF can be detected using a BFT toxin bioassay and by PCR. Advances in molecular biological techniques such as real-time PCR have allowed both researchers as well as clinicians to rapidly detect ETBF in clinical samples. The emergence of more sensitive techniques will likely advance molecular insight into the role of ETBF in colitis and cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.345-354
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• 2000

TGF-${\beta}_1$ is a potent chemotactic factor for inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. It also stimulates the celluar source and components of extracellular matrix and the production of proteinase inhibitors. Collectively, these biologic activities lead to the accumulation and stabilization of the nascent matrix, which is vital to wound healing. The objective of this study is to investigate production of TGF-${\beta}_1$ in vitro fibroblast culture in the presence of Staphylococcus enterotoxin B(SEB) and/or lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and to elucidate the role of TGF-${\beta}_1$ which may be responsible for wound healing. The fibroblasts were originated from facial dermis and hypertrophic scar in 26 year-old male patient. In the presence of LPS($0.01{\mu}g$, $0.1{\mu}g$, $1.0{\mu}g$), SEB($0.01{\mu}g$, $0.1{\mu}g$, $1.0{\mu}g$) respectively, cells($5{\times}10^3ml$) were cultivated in vitro. At 1, 3, and 5 days after incubation, cells were counted. Also, cells($2.5{\times}10^5ml$) were cultivated in EMEM with LPS(0.01, 0.1 and $1.0{\mu}g$), SEB(0.01, 0.1 and $1.0{\mu}g$) respectively and LPS($0.1{\mu}g$) and SEB($0.1{\mu}g$) in combination for 24, 48, and 72 hours respectively. Culture supernatants were harvested at 1, 2, and 3 days after incubation period and triplicate culture supernatants were pooled and TGF-${\beta}_1$ was assayed in duplicate. The results were as follows. 1. In facial dermal fibroblast induced with SEB and LPS respectively or in combination, the suppression of cell proliferation occurred very significantly at 1 day after incubation, compared with the control. In SEB exposure, the production of TGF-${\beta}_1$ was decreased very significantly at 1 day after incubation, compared with the control. However, in LPS, SEB and LPS exposure, the production of TGF-${\beta}_1$ was increased very significantly at 1 day after incubation, compared with the control. 2. In hypertrophic scar fibroblast induced with SEB and LPS respectively or in combination, the suppression of cell proliferation did not occur at 1 day after incubation, compared with the control. In SEB and LPS exposure in combination, the production of TGF-${\beta}_1$ was increased very significantly at 1 day after incubation, compared with the control. However, the production of TGF-${\beta}_1$ did not occur in SEB and LPS exposure respectively. In conclusion, the concentration of bacterial toxins and the incubation period correlated with cell proliferation and production of TGF-${\beta}_1$ very significantly and both fibroblasts have different phenotype each other in this regard. This data suggest that the significant production of TGF-${\beta}_1$ may develope abnormal wound healing associated with tissue fibroproliferative disorder, such as hypertrophic scar and keloid formation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.656-660
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• 2008

Fermented soybean foods are an important component of the Korean diet. Eoyukjang is a type of traditional fermented soybean source. Microbial analysis of eoyukjang was conducted during the fermentation period in this study. Microorganisms isolated from eoyukjang were identified by biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequencing. 17 different microorganisms, including bacteria, yeast, and fungi were detected in eoyukjang during the fermentation period. Even though Aspergillus participated in the early stage of fermentation of eoyukjang, Bacillus species and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were the major microzymes in eoyukjang throughout the maturation period. Eoyukjang is generally consumed after the boiling of the final sample. Therefore, the final sample of eoyukjang was boiled and analyzed. Our results showed that no vegetative microorganisms survived under the boiling conditions for eoyukjang. Fermented soybean products in the domestic market were also assessed for comparison with the results from eoyukjang. The total cell number of kanjang (soy sauce) samples was between 0 to 42 CFU/mL. The isolated microorganisms were identified as Bacillus species. All Bacillus isolates were not found to harbor the three enterotoxin-producing and emetic toxin-producing genes.