• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1457-1462
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• 2010

Three types of serotypically atypical Shigella flexneri isolates were collected between 2007 and 2008 from Korean patients at the Korea National Institute of Health (NIH). These atypical isolates were characterized and compared with serologically typical S. flexneri. The first grouping of 11 atypical isolates displayed agglutination only with polyB antiserum and exhibited no reaction with any typing or grouping sera (PolyB:un). The second group of 3 isolates displayed reactions with typing sera IV, but also did not bind with any grouping sera (IV:un). The third group of 14 isolates exhibited a plural agglutination pattern, reacting with typing sera II, and two grouping sera (II:(3)4,7(8)). Amongst these atypical isolates, isolates belonging to IV:un and II:(3)4,7(8) exhibited greater antibiotic resistance, in particular to ampicillin, streptomycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, than typical S. flexneri strains. Furthermore, all II:(3)4,7(8) strains harbored integrons. This study suggests that these multiple antibiotic-resistant atypical S. flexneri are new subserotypes of S. flexneri that await further serological classification.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.197-205
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• 2003

We detested waterborne enteric viruses from the raw water and tap water in Busan metropolitan city by the total culturable virus assay of EPA standard method. According to the results of survey from July 2001 to November 2002, thirteen out of twenty one in raw water samples were positive (61.9%) for enteric viruses and all of the treated water and tap water samples were negative. The enteric viruses in raw water were mainly distributed through the summer to the earl y winter, suggesting the seasonal characteristics of virus distribution in water The titer of enteric viruses per 100 liters of the raw water was ranged from 1.92 to 9.70 MPN by TCVA-MPN program. The isolated viruses were identified as either human poliovirus type 1 or enteroviruses by the immunofluorescent assay.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.85-87
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• 2013

An outbreak of Staphylococcus aureus infections occurred in a university with an enrollment of 80 students in the city of Daejon, Republic of Korea. All nine S. aureus isolates from patients (n = 7), staff members (n = 1), and the fried chicken served as the lunch (n = 1) harbored the enterotoxin A gene and showed an identical antibioticresistant profile, PFGE banding pattern (STAS16.001), and sequence type, ST 6. These results suggested that the outbreak was associated with eating the fried chicken that had been handled by an infected staff member. This case report demonstrated a practical approach to identifying the source and transmission of an infection.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.525-529
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• 2009

Cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) represent an emerging family of newly described bacterial products that are produced by a number of pathogens. The genes encoding these toxins have been identified as a cluster of three adjacent genes, cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC, plus 5 cdt genetic variants, designated as cdt-I, cdt-II, cdt-III, cdt-IV, and cdt-V, have been identified to date. In this study, a general multiplex PCR system designed to detect Escherichia coli cdts was applied to investigate the presence of cdt genes among isolates. As a result, among 366 E. coli strains, 2.7% were found to carry the cdtB gene. In addition, the use of type-specific primers revealed the presence of cdt-I, cdtIV, and cdt-V types of the cdt gene, yet no cdt-II or cdt-III strains. The presence of other virulence genes (stxl, stx2, eae, bfp, espA, espB, and espD) was also investigated using a PCR assay. Among the 10 cdtB gene-positive strains, 8 were identified as COT-producing typical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains ($eae^+$, $bfp^+$), whereas 2 were identified as CDT-producing atypical EPEC strains ($eae^+$, $bfp^-$). When comparing the cytotoxic activity of the CDT-producing typical and atypical EPEC strains, the CDT-producing atypical EPEC strains appeared to be less toxic than the CDT-producing typical EPEC strains.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.589-593
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• 2002

Improvement of hygienic quality of powdered raw grains and vegetables by gamma irradiation was investigated. Five products of powdered raw grains and vegetables were collected in a local market and analysed. The total viable cell counts of Bacillus were 10$^4$~10$^{7}$ cfu/g, filamentous fungi l0$^2$~10$^3$cfu/g, coliform 10$^1$~10$^4$cfu/g, enteric bacteria on SS agar plate 10$^1$~10$^3$cfu/g. Coliform, enteric bacteria on SS agar plate and filamentous fungi were eliminated by 3 kGy of gamma irradiation. The D values of coliform, enteric bacteria on SS agar plate, Bacillus, and filamentous fungi were 0.68~0.80 kGy, 0.59~0.74 kGy, 1.84~2.18 kGy and 0.36~0.57 kGy, respectively. It was considered that optimal irradiation dose for radappertization was about 25 kGy, while 3~5 kGy of gamma irradiation was effective for radicidation.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.175-180
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• 1973

This study was attempted to see more clear relationships among the enterobacteria, especially between the intestinal normal flora and pathogenic bacteria. It has been known that some intestinal normal flora produce the bactrial metabolites that are harmful to other enteric bacteria. One of the metabolites is known as colicin, the protein fraction, which possesses certain degree of inhibitory effect against other bacterial growth fraction, whih possesses certain degree of inhibitory effect against other bacterial growth. As a preliminary study for a colicin purification, the antagonistic effect of E, coli to groups of Salmonella and Shigella has been studied by means of in vitro quantitative culture method. 1. E.coli showed definite inhibitory effects aganist both Salmonella and Shigella groups in the mixture of two organisms. 2. The inhibitory effects of E.coli in the E.coli-Salmonella and the E.coli-Shigella mixture occurred from 4 hours incubation following the inoculation. 3. Even the complete inhibition of pathogenic enteric bacterial growth was noticed in the E.coli-Salmonella mixture at overnight incubation. 4. Among the diluted mixtures, 1:100, 1:1,000, and 1:10,000, survival rate of pathogenic enteric bacteria in the mixtures with E.coli showed least affected at the 1:1,000 dilution. 5. It was found that the antagonistic effect aganist groups of Salmonella-shigella was depending upon the groups of the genera.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 1992

Omeprazole (OMZ) is very unstable in acidic solution, which selectively inhibit the release of the gastric juice in the gastric mucosa, In order to stabilize (OMZ) in oral solid dosage form, the enteric-coated microcapsules and compression-coated OMZ tablets containing lysine or arginine as stabilizer were prepared and their dissolution and stability test were performed. The haif life of OMZ microcapsules containing arginine was 194 days at $30^{\circ}C$ and OMZ was completely released in 60 min. The half-lives of enteric coated and non-coated compression-coated OMZ tablets with lysine were 292 and 95 days at $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The half-lives of enteric coated and non-coated compression-coated tablets with arginine were 1752 and 293 days at $30^{\circ}C$, respectively, and OMZ were released completely in 20 min in the 2nd fluid of K.P.VI. Consequently, the enteric-coated compression-coated OMZ tablets with arginine as stabilizer provided a good formulation for oral solid dosage form.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.77-82
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• 2012

Human astrovirus (HAstV) is a major cause of acute diarrhea among children, resulting in outbreaks of diarrhea and occasionally hospitalization. Improved surveillance and application of sensitive molecular diagnostics have further defined the impact of HAstV infections in children. These studies have shown that HAstV infections are clinically milder (diarrhea, vomiting, fever) than infections with other enteric agents. Among the 8 serotypes of HAstV identified, serotype 1 is the predominant strain worldwide. In addition to serotype 1, the detection rate of HAstV types 2 to 8 has increased by using newly developed assays. HAstV is less common compared with other major gastroenteritis viruses, including norovirus and rotavirus; however, it is a potentially important viral etiological agent with a significant role in acute gastroenteritis. A better understanding of the molecular epidemiology and characteristics of HAstV strains may be valuable to develop specific prevention strategies.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.32-32
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• 2003

Intestinal infections are common in growing pigs and can be caused by multiple pathogens, environmental and management factors [1]. Among the most important viruses in swine enteritis are porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine enteric calicivirus (PECV), porcine group A rotavirus (PRV gp A) and bacteria are Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. and protozoa is Isospora suis [1]. The DNA chip system can serve as a powerful tool that can be utilized for simultaneous detection of specific pathogenic bacteria strains and viruses [2,3]. The combination of PCR and DNA chip technology will provide a novel method for the detection of porcine enteric pathogens thus revolutionize the diagnosis and management of the disease. The aim of this study is to develop DNA chip system for the rapid and reliable detection of five major porcine enteric pathogens based on oligonucleotide DNA chip hybridization. (omitted)

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to examine whether administration of glutamine are able to prevent the methotrexate induced gut barrier damage, bacterial translocation, and weight changes. The animals with glutamine were fed with L-glutamine (1.2 and 2.4 mg/kg/day) for 7 days before methotrexate administration (20 mg/kg orally). 48 hour after methotrexate administration, intestinal permeability were measured for an assessment of the gut barrier dysfunction. Also, enteric aerobic bacterial counts, number of gram-negatives in mesenteric lymph node (MLN), liver spleen, kidney and heart were measured for an assessment of the enteric bacterial number and bacterial translocation. Amounts of food intake, body weight changes and organ weight changes of liver spleen, kidney and heart were measured. Methotrexate administration caused body and liver weight loss regardless amounts of food intakes. Methotrexate induced increasing intestinal permeability, enteric bacterial undergrowth and bacterial translocation to MLN, liver and spleen, but not kidney and heart. The supplements with glutamine reduced the intestinal permeability bacterial translocation, and not influences enteric bacterial number, and body and liver weight changes. This study suggested that glutamine might effectively reduce methotrexate induced intestinal damage and bacterial translocation, but not influence body and organ weight loss.