• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.57 no.6
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• pp.445-454
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• 2015

Objective : In the present study we analyzed neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effect of the difumarate salt S-15176, as an anti-ischemic, an antioxidant and a stabilizer of mitochondrial membrane in secondary damage following spinal cord injury (SCI) in a rat model. Methods : Three groups were performed with 30 Wistar rats; control (1), trauma (2), and a trauma+S-15176 (10 mg/kg i.p., dimethyl sulfoxide) treatment (3). SCI was performed at the thoracic level using the weight-drop technique. Spinal cord tissues were collected following intracardiac perfusion in 3rd and 7th days of posttrauma. Hematoxylin and eosin staining for histopatology, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay for apoptotic cells and immunohistochemistry for proapoptotic cytochrome-c, Bax and caspase 9 were performed to all groups. Functional recovery test were applied to each group in 3rd and 7th days following SCI. Results : In trauma group, edematous regions, diffuse hemorrhage, necrosis, leukocyte infiltration and severe degeneration in motor neurons were observed prominently in gray matter. The number of apoptotic cells was significantly higher (p<0.05) than control group. In the S-15176-treated groups, apoptotic cell number in 3rd and 7th days (p<0.001), also cytochrome-c (p<0.001), Bax (p<0.001) and caspase 9 immunoreactive cells (p<0.001) were significantly decreased in number compared to trauma groups. Hemorrhage and edema in the focal areas were also noticed in gray matter of treatment groups. Results of the locomotor test were significantly increased in treatment group (p<0.05) when compared to trauma groups. Conclusion : We suggest that difumarate salt S-15176 prevents mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis and protects spinal cord from secondary injury and helps to preserve motor function following SCI in rats.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.169-178
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• 2009

Objectives: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) is considered an ENT emergency. Despite being a well-recognized condition, SSHL remains one of the most controversial issues in otology. Nowadays, more and more patients have an interest in Oriental medicine for treatment of SSHL. So, to ascertain the therapeutic effect of Oriental Medicine on SSHL, nineteen cases of SSHL patients who had taken Oriental medical therapy in Kyung Hee Oriental Medical Hospital were examined and analyzed. Methods: Nineteen patients who received over 10 times acupuncture therapy and a minimum 2 weeks of herbal medicine from Sep. 1, 2007 to Aug. 31, 2008 were examined and analyzed. The patients who were in the categories below were excluded: - within 7 days after onset - didn't fulfill 10 times acupuncture therapy - failed to recheck hearing outcome after treatment - less than 30dB at mean dB from 250Hz${\sim}$4000Hz. Results: The patients consisted of 12 men and 7 women with a mean age of 45.63 years (19${\sim}$76). Before treatment, 17 patients had tinnitus, 16 patients had pressure in the ear and 6 patients had dizziness, and mean dB of all patients was 66.89 dB. After treatment, 9 patients still had tinnitus, 4 patients felt pressure in the ear and 2 patents felt dizziness, and mean dB of all patients was 54.57dB. After treatment, 9 patients showed effectiveness in improving both hearing level and speech discrimination, 6 patients showed effectiveness only on speech discrimination and 4 patients showed no therapeutic effect. Conclusion: Oriental medical therapy had some therapeutic effects on SSHL even it was started 7 days after onset of the disease.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.291-297
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• 2001

The bioequivalence of two triflusal products was evaluated with 20 healthy volunteers following single oral dose according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Trisa $l^{R}$ capsule (Whanin Pharm. Corp., Korea) and Disgre $n^{R}$ capsule (Myung-In Pharm. Corp., Korea) were used as test product and reference product, respectively. Both products contain 300 mg of trifusal. One capsule of test product or reference product was orally administered to the volunteers, respectively, by randomized two period crossover study (2$\times$2 Latin square method). Blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals for 4 hours and the determination of trifusal was accomplished using semi-microbore HPLC equipped with automated column switching system. The analytical method with HPLC was validated according to the Bioanalytic Method Validation guideline by F7A prior to determining the plasma samples. The pharmacokinetic parameters (AU $C_{0-4h}$ $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$) were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for statistical analysis of parameters. As a result of the assay validation, the limit of quantification of trifusal in human plasma by current assay procedure was 50 ng/ml using 500 $\mu$l of plasma. The accuracy of the assay was from 97.76% to 116.51% while the intra-day and inter-day coefficient of variation of the same concentration range was less than 15%. Average drug concentration at the designated time intervals and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated were not significantly different between two products (p>0.05). The difference of mean AU $C_{olongrightarrow4hr}$, $C_{max}$, and $T_{max}$ between the two products (2.92, 4.39, and -2.44%, respectively) were less than 20%. The power (1-$\beta$) and treatment difference ($\Delta$) for AU $C_{olongrightarrow4hr}$ and $C_{max}$ were more than 0.8 and less than 0.2, respectively. Although the power for $T_{max}$ was under 0.8, $T_{max}$ of the two products was not significantly different from each other (p>0.05). These results satisfied the criteria of KFDA guideline for bioequivalence, indicating the two products of triflusal were bioequivalent.quivalent.ent.ent.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.266-272
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• 2024

This study assessed the contamination level of food poisoning bacteria on handles of food service equipment in childcare centers to prevent food poisoning and analyzed toxin genes and antibiotic resistance of isolated strains. The isolates used in this study were collected from 101 childcare centers in Jeollanam-do. Four strains of Bacillus cereus and two strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated on the handles of food service equipment (refrigerators and freezers). The toxin genes of B. cereus were detected as nheA, nheB, nheC, entFM, and cytK. No toxin genes of S. aureus were detected. B. cereus showed resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, such as ampicillin and cefepime. S. aureus also showed resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin and cefepime. Therefore, microbial safety and hygiene management, such as periodic sterilization of handles, should be strengthened to prevent food poisoning caused by cross-contamination of food service equipment handles in childcare centers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.8
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• pp.1144-1149
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of various solvent (acetone, ethyl acetate, and ethanol) extracts from Lentinus edodes. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by measuring total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. Total polyphenol content and ABTS radical scavenging activity were highest in ethanol extract. ABTS radical scavenging activity of ethanol extract showed the highest value (98.5%), which was similar to that of ascorbic acid (95.7%). The ethyl acetate extract from Lentinus edodes showed relatively high total flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Negative correlations were found between total polyphenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities in Lentinus edodes extracts. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were determined against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter cloacae by the disc diffusion method. The acetone and ethanol extracts showed moderate antimicrobial activities against almost all tested microorganisms except E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract showed a significant growth inhibition effect against E. coli, Ent. cloacae, and B. subtilis.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 1996

Lymphomatoid granulomatosis, polymorphic reticulosis, midline malignant reticulosis, or lethal midline granuloma have similar histologic features of an angiocentric and angiodestructive lymphoreticular proliferation representing the same nosologic entity. The term 'angiocentric immunoproliferative lesion' (AIL) was proposed by Jaffe, Costa, and Martin. The malignant potential of AILs is originally uncertain, but the facts that AILs have a relatively short survival, and most of them usually progress to an overt malignant lymphoma and survival is inversely proportional to the large, atypical lymphoreticular cells suggest that AILs are malignane. We experienced 17 AILs in nose during 16-year period and retrogradely analized them to recognize the problems in the diagnosis and to establish the further therapeutic strategies. The results were as follows; Twelve of total 17 patients who had diagnosed as histologic grade 1 and 2 had received radiation therapy as an initial treatment and the complete response rate was 91.7%(11/12), but 6 out of 11 had local recurrence and 5 had progress to overt maligant lymphoma within 2years. Three patients with the histologic grade 3 and 2 with unclear histologic grade had received CHOP chemotherapy and there was 1 case with complete response. Two patients with unclear histologic grade had been proved to be malignant histiocytosis by bone marrow biopsy during the clinical course. The overall duration of survival was 2 - 119 months and the 5-year survival rate was 71.9%. And the achievement of initial complete response was the most important prognostic factor of overall survival(P=0.006). Our results suggest that the treatment strategy according to the histologic grading scheme is efficient and more aggressive combination chemotherapy may be necessary to achieve complete response in patients with histologic grade III and II, because most of them progress to overt malignant lymphoma during its process.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1439-1447
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• 1998

Antimicrobial activity of chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides on the microorganism related to Kimchi was investigated. 5 kinds of chitosan, which have different deacetylation degrees and molecular weights were prepared and its effect on the organoleptic characteristics, pH and titrable acidity of Kimchi in the storage time were examined. C-4 and C-5 chitosan (D.A.:$92{\sim}99%$, M.W.: $16,000{\sim}32,000)$ recorded high score in the texture and showed pH 4.9 and titrable acidity 0.35%, compared with control (pH 4.1, titrarable acidity 0.50 %) evaluated to optimal ripening time. The chitosan oligosaccharides containing relatively large amount of $pentamer{\sim}heptamer$ were chosen from C-4 chitosan hydrolyzates. Antimicrobial activity of C-4 and chitosan oligosaccharides against B. subtilis, B. cereus, Pse. fluorescens, E. coli, Lac. plantarum, Leu. mesenteroides, Lac. brevis, Ent. faecalis and 3 kinds of microflora from Kimchi were examined. The clear zone against microorganism were $9{\sim}20mm$ at 3.0% C-4 chitosan and $8{\sim}24mm$ at 5.0% chitosan oligosaccharides, and MIC of chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides was shown $0.01{\sim}0.05%$ and $0.05{\sim}0.2%$, respectively. The antimicrobial effect of chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides was also observed in 3 kinds of total microflora from Kimchi and was most strong in the microflora from the ripening stage of Kimchi, suggesting C-4 chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides could be applicable to extending shelf-life of Kimchi.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.151-162
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• 2010

Objective : Bell's palsy is common and has many clinic study. but bell's palsy prognosis is not enough specific. So this study was evaluated bell's palsy prognosis, treatment number, sequela of normal group and bad prognosis group. Methods : From June 2009 to June 2010, patients who visited Dong-seo Oriental Medicine ENT. A clinic study was done on patient who were diagnosed bell's palsy, onset 2weeks within when first visited OPD and treated 3 times over in Dong-seo Oriental Medicine Cental. To evaluate grade of paralysis, House-Brackman Scale was used. We classified treatment numbers of each HB-Scale group, normal gIVroup and bad prognosis group. Results : The distribution of Onset HB-Scale : Gr II 26.25%, Gr III 67.5%, Gr IV 6.25% Onset HB-Scale Gr II patients completely recover 100% Onset HB-Scale Gr III patients completely recover 64.8%, improved 27.8%, nothing change 7.4% Onset HB-Scale Gr IV patients completely recover 40%, improved 60% Onset HB-Scale Gr II & IV patients recovery percentage make no difference of normal group (Group A) and bad prognosis. Onset HB-Scale Gr III patients completely recover Group A 66.7%, Group B 52.9%, improved Group A 23.2%, Group 35.3%, noting change Group A 5.1%, Group B 11.8% Onset HB-Scale Gr II patients has no sequela. Onset HB-Scale Gr III & IV patients has tendency that they treat more times, more improving and less sequela probability Conclusion : Onset HB-Scale is the indicator of acute bell's palsy prognosis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.159-160
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• 1998

Results of chemistry and biological activity of many years indicate that plants belonging to the Isodon genus are rich in ent-kaurane diterpenoids, which have been revealed to possess biological activities such as antitumor, antibacterial and antiinflammatory effects. In continuation of our research on diterpenoids in medicinal plants of this genus, the acetone extract from the leaves of I. xerophilus, which is a plant native to Yunnan province of China, showed potent antitumor activity against K562. After partition, the most active EtOAc part was studied. Four new diterpenoids named xerophilusin A(l), B(2), C(3), D(4), and eight known compounds including macrocalin B(5) and rabdorosthomin A(6) were isolated, whose structures were elucidated through a series of one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques(DEPT, COSY, HMQC, HMBC and ROESY experiments). Among them, compound 1, 2 and 5 had two unique epoxy units formed by two ether bridges from C-20 to C-7, C-14. Up to now, there are four compounds having such an peculiar structure besides these three compounds. Compound 3 and 4 were two of the few examples possessing $1{\beta}$ substitutes. All the diterpenoid compounds were subjected to the antitumor screening. It is interesting that only xerophilusin A(l), B(2) and macrocalin(5) exhibited significant antitumor activity against K562 by the method of MTT($IC_{50}$ were listed in Table 1.). The results inspired us to infer that the unique ether bridges from C-20 to C-7, C-14 possibly played an important role in the antitumor activity.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.120-128
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• 2019

Background: We aimed to explore the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1990 and 2011 fibromyalgia (FM) classification criteria's items and the components of Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) to identify features best discriminating FM features. Finally, we developed a combined FM diagnostic (C-FM) model using the FM's key features. Methods: The means and frequency on tender points (TPs), ACR 2011 components and FIQ items were calculated in the FM and non-FM (osteoarthritis [OA] and non-OA) patients. Then, two-step multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to order these variables according to their maximal statistical contribution in predicting group membership. Partial correlations assessed their unique contribution, and two-group discriminant analysis provided a classification table. Using receiver operator characteristic analyses, we determined the sensitivity and specificity of the final model. Results: A total of 172 patients with FM, 75 with OA and 21 with periarthritis or regional pain syndromes were enrolled. Two steps multiple logistic regression analysis identified 8 key features of FM which accounted for 64.8% of variance associated with FM group membership: lateral epicondyle TP with variance percentages (36.9%), neck pain (14.5%), fatigue (4.7%), insomnia (3%), upper back pain (2.2%), shoulder pain (1.5%), gluteal TP (1.2%), and FIQ fatigue (0.9%). The C-FM model demonstrated a 91.4% correct classification rate, 91.9% for sensitivity and 91.7% for specificity. Conclusions: The C-FM model can accurately detect FM patients among other pain disorders. Re-inclusion of TPs along with saving of FM main symptoms in the C-FM model is a unique feature of this model.