• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.91-99
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• 2009

The concept about zoo is changing from the animal exhibition which simply contained the animals to the ecological zoo which has the function of preserving the animal species. At the central point of maintaining such role, the basic principle called the animal welfare lies obviously. Korea has applied the animal welfare principles such as carrying out the enrichment in the zoos since 2003, but there has not been any institutional device to evaluate and examine the application of the animal welfare so far. This study aims to confirm the level of animal welfare in Korea and suggest a developmental direction. For the purpose of the study, 12 zoos in Korea were evaluated according to 68 evaluating categories. 'Five Principles of Animal Welfare' in the Secretary of State's Standards of Modern Zoo Practice were selected and carried out as the evaluation categories, and the result, from the highest to lowest score given, was 'provision of food and water', 'provision of protection from fear and distress', 'provision of health care', 'provision of an opportunity to express most normal behaviours', and 'provision of a suitable enrichment' with the overall score of the entire Korean zoos being 2.86 (${\pm}$ 0.56). It was also confirmed that in order to improve the animal welfare of the Korean zoos, the animal management system must be standardized and organized. The evaluation and feedback, the active practice of animal welfare and its legislative support should be provided to establish an effective institutional device as well.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.279-286
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• 1991

In order to investigate the possibility of the microbial degradation of the persistent pollutant 3, 3', 4, 4'-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB) in our environment, four strains of microorganisms were isolated from industrial wastes by the enrichment technique. They were identified as Achromobacter group VD, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Moraxella spp., and Alcaligenes faecalis, respectively. These microorganisms utilized TCAB as a sole carbon source in the $MM_2$ salt medium.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1997

We investigated the depth profiles of heavy metals in the surface sediments at Heedong reservoir in Pusan. Sampling was done at the intervals of 50 m of drift along the water channel into the reservoir. All samples were analyzed with an ICP-AES. We determined the content of Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn, Cu, Cr, and Fe. The overall mean content of these heavy metals were observed to $(2.9\pm1.2){\times}10^{-3},\;(1.3\pm0.7){\times}10^{-3},$ $(1.9\pm2.1){\times}10^{-4},$ $(2.3\pm1.1){\times}10^{-2},\;(1.6\pm1.0){\times}10^{-3},\;and\;(4.5\pm2.6){\times}10^{-4}$ ppm/ppmFe, respectively excluding iron data. Mean contents of Cu show an increasing trend toward the surface of sediments, while those of Cd show a decreasing trend, and those of Pb and Cr are relatively stable. Comparing with the contents of heavy metals in soils at two sites of Kumjeong mountain, enrichment factors of heavy metals in the surface sediments were determined. Among heavy metals we investigated, copper showed the largest value of enrichment factor. Considering the maximum content of heavy metals in the surface sediment, the values of enrichment factors of Cu, Cd and Cr were significant, which were 22, 8.1 and 4.0, respectively. In leaching experiment, it appeared that Pb, Cd, Cr, and Fe in sediments were hardly leached out into water, We also examined the effect of pH on the content of heavy metals.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.839-845
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• 2011

We performed numerical simulations of freely propagating premixed flames at atmospheric pressure to investigate the influence of trifluoromethane on $CH_4/O_2/N_2$ flames under oxygen enrichment. Trifluoromethane significantly contributed toward a reduction in flame speed, the magnitude of which was larger in terms of the physical effect than the chemical effect. More trifluoromethane could be added and consumed on oxygen-enriched $CH_4/O_2/N_2$ flames. $CHF_3$ was decomposed primarily via $CF_3{\rightarrow}CF_2{\rightarrow}CF{\rightarrow}CF:O{\rightarrow}CO$ and $CHF_3+M{\rightarrow}CF_2+HF+M$ played an important role in oxygen-enhanced flames. When an inhibitor was added to oxygen-enriched flames, the position of the maximum concentration of active radicals was shifted to a relatively low temperature range, and the net rate of OH became higher than that of H.

• Membrane Journal
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.68-76
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• 2006

This is the research about the concentration of trace citrus flavor components in water by pervaporation. We have investigated the permeation characteristics depending on the material and formation of membranes using four siloxane-based polymer composite membranes. We have also chosen the optimal membrane and investigated the permeation characteristics depending on the feed temperature, concentration and flow rate. And then it has been analyzed by using resistance-in series model. In the permeation experiment of citrus essence aroma model solution through the four siloxane-based polymer composite membranes, PVDF/POMS membranes have showed the best flavor flux and enrichment factor. As a result of the permeation experiment depending on the feed temperature, concentration and flow rate, we can find that as the feed temperature and concentration increase, the flavor flux increases while the enrichment factor decreases. And the flavor flux and enrichment factor increased as the flow rate increases.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1.2-9
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• 1992

We investigated the depth profiles of heavy metals in the surface sediments at Haedong reservoir in Pusan. Sampling was done at the intervals of 50 m of drift along the water channel into the reservoir. All samples were analyzed with an ICP-AES. We determined the content of Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn, Cu, Cr, and Fe. The overall mean content of these heavy metals were observed to $(2.9{\pm}1.2){\times}10^{-3}$, $(1.3{\pm}0.7){\times}10^{-3}$, $(1.9{\pm}2.1){\times}10^{-4}$ $(2.3{\pm}1.1){\times}10^{-2}$ $(1.6{\pm}1.0){\times}10{-3}$, and $(4.5{\pm}2.6){\times}10^{-4}$ ppm/ppm Fe, recpectively excluding iron data. Mean contents of Cu show an increasing trend toward the surface of sediments, while those of U show a decreasing trend, and those of Pb and Cr are relatively stable. Comparing with the contents of heavy metals in soils at two sites of Kumjeong mountain, enrichment factors of heavy metals in the surface sediments were determined. Among heavy metals we investigated, copper showed the largest value of enrichment factor. Considering the maximum content of heavy metals in the surface sediment, the values of enrichment factors of Cu, Cd and Cr were significant which were n, 8.1 and 4.0, respectively. In leaching experiment, it appeared that Pb, Cd, Cr, and Fe in sediments were hardly leached out into water. We also examined the effect of pH on the content of heavy metals.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 1993

Carbon dioxide enrichment for greenhouse crops has generally been a standard commercial practice for many years. Vegetable crops such as tomato, cucumber, and lettuce respond positively to the $CO_2$ enrichment. But improper $CO_2$ enrichment leads to physiological damage and economical loss. This study was carried out to develop a $CO_2$ concentration control algorithm considering growth stage and efficiency. The measurand was $CO_2$ consumption rate and top fresh weight that represents growth stage. The weight of top fresh lettuce as a whole in the tray was measured through a non-destructive method. The demand in $CO_2$ concentration according to growth stage was investigated. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The $CO_2$ consumption rate could be measured within the error of $\pm$ 15.4mg$CO_2$/hr in the range of $CO_2$ concentration of 500-1500ppm. 2. The weight of top fresh lettuce could be measured within the error $\pm$ 4.3g in the range of 0-1400g. 3. The $CO_2$ control model developed could determine an economical $CO_2$ supply rate considering $CO_2$ consumption rate and leakage rate. 4. The $CO_2$ control algorithm based on the control model was composed of feedforward control for maintaining a stable $CO_2$ concentration level, and feedback control with $CO_2$ consumption rate and top fresh weight for adapting to the change in $CO_2$ demand by growth stage. 5. For the performance test with the developed control algorithm on lettuce the decrease in $CO_2$ supply rate was obtained without a significant decrease in top fresh weight.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.907-915
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• 2018

With the increase of metal usage in various industries, metal pollution and ecological toxicity in the environmental system have become a significant concern. A geo-statistical index has been widely used to determine contamination level with normalization through a background value. In this study, geo-statistical indexes such as an enrichment factor, accumulation index, and potential ecological risk index were used to assess metal pollution in soil at locations associated with shipbuilding manufacturing industries. Metal contamination, especially of Cu and Pb, was observed in some samples located closer to manufacturing sites. Enrichment factor and accumulation (IGEO) values were indicative of concerning levels of soil contamination in specific samples, and the soil contamination could be induced by anthropogenic sources. In further study, after more detailed sampling for soil and potential pollution sources, high interpretation techniques such as Pb isotope analysis and X-ray analysis will be needed to investigate source identification.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2019

Long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) is an autonomous retrotransposon, which is capable of inserting into a new region of genome. Previous studies have reported that these elements lead to genomic variations and altered functions by affecting gene expression and genetic networks. Mounting evidence strongly indicates that genetic diseases or various cancers can occur as a result of retrotransposition events that involve L1s. Therefore, the development of methodologies to study the structural variations and interpersonal insertion polymorphisms by L1 element-associated changes in an individual genome is invaluable. In this study, we applied a systematic approach to identify human-specific L1s (i.e., L1Hs) through the bioinformatics analysis of high-throughput next-generation sequencing data. We identified 525 candidates that could be inferred to carry non-reference L1Hs in a Korean individual genome (KPGP9). Among them, we randomly selected 40 candidates and validated that approximately 92.5% of non-reference L1Hs were inserted into a KPGP9 genome. In addition, unlike conventional methods, our relatively simple and expedited approach was highly reproducible in confirming the L1 insertions. Taken together, our findings strongly support that the identification of non-reference L1Hs by our novel target enrichment method demonstrates its future application to genomic variation studies on the risk of cancer and genetic disorders.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.267-275
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• 2022

Using a nonconforming mesh in enrichment methods results in several numerical issues induced by discontinuities and singularities found within the solution spaces, including the computational overhead during integration. In this study, we present a novel enrichment technique based on the selective expansion technique of moment fitting (Düster and Allix, 2020). In particular, two modifications are proposed to address the inefficiency during the integration process. First, a feedforward artificial neural network is introduced to correlate the implicit functions and integration moments. Through numerical examples, it is shown that the efficiency of the method is greatly improved when compared with existing expansion techniques, whereas the solution accuracy is maintained. Additionally, the finite element and domain representation grids are separated, which in turn improves the solution accuracy even for coarse mesh conditions.