• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.1038-1047
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• 2008

This study aimed at targeting fixed increases in body weight (100 g/wk) by quantitatively regulating energy allowances (ME) in broiler breeders from 5 to 20 wks of age. Four energy regimes were tested: 1. The energy required for maintenance, activity and growth was calculated for 100 g increases in body weight/wk and a measured quantity of grower diet (160 g protein and 2,600 kcal ME/kg) was offered to the control group (ME-100) to achieve the anticipated weight gain. The energy allowances increased with age from 132 to 294 kcal/d. 2. Additionally, three energy regimes were considered, quantitatively reducing ME by 10% (ME-90) or 20% (ME-80) and increasing by10% (ME-110) over the control group. Each test group had 23 replicates5 female chicks housed in cages. The influence of energy regimes and age on growth, nutrient digestibility, carcass attributes, bone parameters and stress was evaluated at 4 wk intervals. Quantitative ME restriction by 10% (119-265 kcal/d) produced an average weight gain of 98.1 g/wk, which was closer to the targeted increase of 100 g/wk, whereas the control group attained it nine days earlier. Restriction of energy by 10 or 20% produced better conversion efficiency of feed, energy and protein and apparent digestibility of protein, Ca and P than 10% excess ME. Energy regimes did not influence eviscerated meat yield, but higher energy allowances (ME-110) significantly increased abdominal fat pad and liver weights and decreased giblet weight, percent muscle protein and tibia ash. Relatively higher stress was recorded in ME-restricted groups, as reflected by wider heterophil and lymphocyte ratios and increased bursa weight. Early age (5-12 wk) significantly influenced bone mineralization, conversion efficiency of feed, energy and protein and apparent digestibility of protein, Ca and P, while later ages (13-20 wk) increased eviscerated meat yield, abdominal fat, tibia weight and muscle protein and reduced stress. Energy regime x age interactions were significant and are discussed. In conclusion, the synthetic broiler line used in our study responded positively to controlled energy feeding during the rearing period. Breeders offered 119-265 kcal/d, a reduction of 10% energy over the control group, were more effective in regulating grower performance than the latter. In addition to energy regimes, age intervals also exhibited significant influence on specific parameters during the grower phase.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate eating behavior, nutritional status and health condition of obese adult attending a weight control exercise. The subjects of this study consisted of 81 adult in some areas of Daegu. Their weight, height, triceps, midarm circumference were measured and their dietary intake and eating behavior were obtained by using questionnaires. Anthropometry was conducted to determine obesity. Average age of men and women were 38.1 and 35.2 years old respectively. Their intake of energy and protein were 69.5% and 97.4% of RDA respectively. Energy intake of normal and obese group was 74.4% and 64.9% of RDA respectively. Protein intake of normal and obese group was 99.7% and 95.3% of RDA respectively There was a negative correlation between PIBW and energy intake, PIBW and carbohydrate intake, BMI and energy intake, and BMI and carbohydrate intake. A relative magnitude of factors affecting weight decrease rate was analyzed by Stepwise multiple regression analysis. Overall results about relative influence of independent variables to dependent variable(weight decrease rate) indicated that the BMI(p<0.01) was the most significantly correlated with weight decrease rate in all subjects. The results of this study suggest that the extensive nutrition education in weight control program should be emphasized to prevent obesity early.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.399-405
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• 1991

The interaction of 4 dietary crude protein (13, 16, 19 or 22%) and 4 metabolizable energy (2600, 2800, 3000 or 3100 kcal ME/kg) levels on egg quality performances of Starcross layers were assessed between 245 and 275 days of age. The egg weight increased significantly with the increasing dietary protein and energy levels. But egg shape index, albumen index, yolk index, yolk dry matter, yolk protein, yolk fat, albumen protein and shell tickness were similar at all dietary protein and/or energy levels. The egg specific gravity and albumen weight increased but the yolk, weight, Haugh unit and albumen drymatter decreased with the increase of dietary protein levels and showed irregular trend with energy levels. The albumen dry matter and egg shell weight, however, were not affected by energy and protein levels. Simultaneous increase of protein and energy increased specific gravity, albumen index and shell thickness at a greater rate than that increased by the increase of protein or energy alone.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.339-344
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to measure anthropometric and haemoglobin level and nutrient intake of expecting women in the third trimester of pregnancy and to relate the birth weight of neonates as outcome of pregnancy. A cross sectional study was performed in Zahedan City. Two hospitals situated in the city were selected based on their approval and cooperation. Five hundred healthy pregnant women in the age group 16-40 years were selected for this study. Findings showed that the mean height, weight, fundal height, and haemoglobin of pregnant women were 156.4 cm, 62.6 kg, 34.2 cm, and 11.1g/dl respectively. Nutrient intake was computed based on 24 hour recall method. The results showed that, the mean intake of energy was 1802 Kcal/day. The intake of protein, calcium, iron, zinc and magnesium were 70.7 g, 544.0 mg, 16.1 mg, 10.6 mg and 266.0 mg respectively. Percentage adequacy of nutrient intakes with reference to RDA recommendation showed 95% and 80% of subjects had sufficient RDA intakes, while energy, calcium, iron and zinc intake considered as insufficient. The mean birth weight of neonates was 3.0 kg and 13% of neonates showed low birth weight. Maternal height, weight, fundal height and haemoglobin level were significantly correlated with birth weight of neonates. Energy, protein and calcium intakes in the third trimester were significantly correlated with birth weight of neonates. Using the binary logistic regression analysis fundal height, haemoglobin level and energy intake of pregnant women were considered as predictor factors of birth weight of neonates.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.965-971
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• 2010

The purpose of the current study was to examine the influence of different maternal nutrition treatments during pregnancy on body weight, muscle fiber number, carcass traits, and pork quality traits of offspring. A total of 18 crossbred sows (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc) were randomly assigned to one of three nutritional treatment groups; control, high energy, and high protein. The control group was fed a standard diet, the high energy group was fed a diet that contained 30% increased metabolizable energy, and the high protein group was fed a diet that contained 30% increased limiting amino acids compared to the control. The sows in each group were fed equal quantities of each diet (1.9 kg/d) for the entire gestational period. A total of 36 piglets from each sow were used to evaluate changes in body weight, muscle fiber number in the longissimus dorsi muscle at birth, carcass traits, and pork quality traits. Birth weight of offspring born to sows in the high energy diet group was significantly higher compared to the high protein diet group (p<0.05). However, body weight of offspring after birth was not significantly different between the groups. Muscle fiber number for the longissimus dorsi muscle at birth was not significantly different between the groups. In addition, there were no significant differences in carcass traits or pork quality traits between offspring born to sows in the control group and those born to sows that received high energy or high protein diets during pregnancy. Based on these results, it appears that maternal nutrition treatment during pregnancy, regardless of whether it is with high energy or high protein diets, does not have a significant effect on body weight, muscle fiber number at birth, carcass traits, or pork quality traits.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.645-653
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• 2018

Twenty-five sows and 265 piglets (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) were used to evaluate the effects of dietary energy level on the pre-weaning and post-weaning performance of piglets and first parity sows. Sows with an average initial B.W. of $217.54{\pm}25.47kg$ were randomly assigned to 2 treatments. The treatments consisted of a T1 diet containing 3,100 kcal, and the T2 diet contained 3400 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg, respectively. Data were analyzed using Duncan statements to test the effect of the dietary energy levels on growth performance in lactating sows and piglets. In this study, Dietary T2 sows had a greater number of weaned piglets per litter (p < 0.05). Dietary T2 had a higher (p < 0.05) body weight than that of T1 in the weanlings, meanwhile it had a higher total average daily gain (p < 0.05) than that of T1. Dietary T1 had a higher average feed intake than that of T2 in gestation and lactation. There were no significant differences on the litter size or litter birth weight. No differences (p > 0.05) were noted in the survival of the piglets as well as in the backfat thickness and body weight loss in sows. In conclusion, these results show that high-energy diets had no effect on the body weight and backfat thickness of sows during gestation and lactation but influenced the body weight and average daily gain of weanling pigs during the lactation period.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.717-726
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• 1995

This study was to investigate the validity of energy measurement system by using different body size and sex of rats and feed supplementation methods. There appeared no statistical differences in energy(AME, AMEn) utilization between male and female rats with average 200g body weight, and between male rat of 200g and 300g body weight. Glucose replacing corn in the basal diet or replacing diet itself at a level of 30% by weight appeared to have the same metabolizable energy value, suggesting that either methods to supplement test ingredient brought about the same results. Consequently, following suggestions could be made from results of present study : first, Sprague-Dawley rate of either sex weighing 200-300g may be used as an animal model to obtain in vivo metabolizable energy from dietary carbo-hydrates or sea foods. Second, the testing ingredients may be added at the expence of corn in the basal diet at 30% level.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.423-437
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• 1989

A 4-week energy balance study was conducted to estimate the energy expenditure (EE) of 16 college age men and women, 20 to 26 year of age, by measurement of energy intakes and changes in body energy(BE) content(intake/balance technique), keeping their normal living pattern and maintenance body weight. Energy intake was measured by bomb calorimetry and estimated by food table. Fecal energy loss was calculated from nitrogen excreted. Fat mass was determined from body density estimated from skinfold tickness. 1) Gross energy (GE) intakes calculated from food table was not only 13.4% lower than those of bomb calorimetry but also lower 4 and 5% than metabolizable energy(ME) intakes for the male and female subjects, respectively. 2) Fecal energy loss was 7.2% and 6.9% proportion of the gross energy intake for the male and female subjects, respectively. 3) Mean daily metabolizable energy intakes estimated by subtract fecal and urinary energy loss was 2467kcal for the male subjects and 1897kcal for the female subjects. 4) Total body energy change estimated from body composition change over 31 days was decreased 7672kcal for the male subjects and 2689kcal for the female subjects. 5) Mean daily energy expenditure was 2714kcal (45kcal/kg of body weight) for the male subjects and 1984kcal(40kcal/kg of body weight) for the female subjects. 6) The estimated energy expenditure of college-age subjects in this study provide evidence to support the Recommended Dietary Allowances for energy of Korean normal adult.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2001

The study was conducted to assess the association or physical activity, television watching and energy intake with body fat in 514 adolescents(218 boys, 296 girls) aged 14-17 years. Comparison of the weight status evaluated according to some indicators based on weight and stature was made. The quantitative food frequency was used to determine intakes of total energy and energy from each macronutrient. Television-watching time was used as an index of inactivity and time spent performing extra-curricular physical exercise or playing was used a index of activity, BMI(body mass index) was used as index of body fat. Weight status varied by the indicators used. Using BMI, Broca and Rohrer index, 54-59% of boys and 38-57% of girls were underweight decreased(23% of boys and 26% of girls) and the of overweight increased (9.3% of boys and 7.8% girls), when adolescents whose BMI are<=15th percentiles for age and sex, and >= 85th percentiles of standard growth charts of Korean Children and aldosescents(1998) were classified as underweight and overweight, respectively, Girls tended to get fatter compared to boys who showed greater skeletal development. There were no significant correlations between BMI and total energy intake, energy intakes from macronutrient and physical activity level. These lack of association seems to be related to indication that BMI reflects total body mass rather than fatness. Mpreover, the effect of growth may interact with diet intake or physical activity level. Although BMI was not related to physical activity, television-watching time was negatively correlated with physical activity. Television-watching time was positiviely correlated with energy intake in girls. In adolescents, criteria for weigh status based on weight and stature must be age- and sex-specific in that weight status varied by indicators whether gender and higher were taken into consideration or not. If follows that each hourly increment of television watching may be related to fatness of adolescents, because hours certainly reduce the opportunity to be active and increase th energy intake.(Korean J Nutrition 34(1):39-47, 2001)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.169-178
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• 1997

Thin study measured dietary intakes in late pregnancy and psychological stress during the period of gestation and examined the roles of diet and psychological stress in pregnancy weight gain and infant birth weight. Study subjects were 98 pregnant women who delivered infants at 2 general hospitals in Taejon city. Mean weight gain during pregnancy was 14.6$\pm$4.89Kg. Mean infant birth weight was 3.39$\pm$0.62kg in males and 3.28$\pm$0.43Kg in females. Mean energy and protein intake levels were adequate, but mean iron and calcium intakes were only 61.2$\pm$14.9% and 79.1$\pm$18.2$\%$ of RDA, respectively. Fat intake which constitutes 22.0$\pm$4.3$\%$ of total energy intake, and animal protein intake which constitutes 22.0$\pm$4.3$\%$ of total energy intake, and animal protein intake which constitutes 53.7$\%$ of total protein intake were moderately high. Though mean energy, fat, animal protein, and meat protein intakes in the low psychological stress group were higher than those in the middle or high stress group, psychological stress did not significantly affect pregnancy weight gain and infant birth weight. High intakes of nutrients except for dairy protein, iron, and niacin were associated with higher pregnancy weight gain and high intakes of protein and meat protein were associated with higher infant birth weight. It is concluded that dietary intakes during pregnancy has effects on pregnancy weight gain and infant birth weight, and psychological stress has no direct effect on them.