• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.17C no.2
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• pp.189-196
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• 2010

The LEACH does not use flooding method for data transmission and this makes low power consumption. So performance of the WSN is increased. On the other hand, QoS based algorithm which use restricted flooding method in WSN also achieves low power consuming rate by reducing the number of nodes that are participated in routing path selection. But when the data is delivered to the sink node, the LEACH choose a routing path which has a small hop count. And it leads that the performance of the entire network is worse. In the paper we propose a QoS based energy efficient clustering and routing algorithm in WSN. I classify the type of packet with two classes, based on the energy efficiency that is the most important issue in WSN. We provide the differentiated services according to the different type of packet. Simulation results evaluated by the NS-2 show that proposed algorithm extended the network lifetime 2.47 times at average. And each of the case in the class 1 and class 2 data packet, the throughput is improved 312% and 61% each.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.1689-1695
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• 2008

The development of low-power wireless communication and low-cost multi-functional smart sensor has enabled the sensor network that can perceive the status information in remote distance. Sensor nodes are sending the collected data to the node in the base station through temporary communication path using the low-cost RF communication module. Sensor nodes get the energy supply from small batteries, however, they are installed in the locations that are not easy to replace batteries, in general, so it is necessary to minimize the average power consumption of the sensor nodes. It is known that the RF modules used for wireless communication are consuming 20-60% of the total power for sensor nodes. This study suggests the probability inference heuristic based non-periodic transmission to send the collected information to the base station node, when the calculated value by probability is bigger than an optional random value, adapting real-time to the variation characteristics of sensing datain order to improve the energy consumption used in the transmission of sensed data. In this transmission method suggested, transmitting is decided after evaluation of the data sensed by the probability inference heuristic algorithm and the directly sensed data, and the coefficient that is needed for its algorithm is decided through the reappearance rate of the algorithm verification data.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.668-676
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine anthropometric measurements, dietary nutrient intakes, simple food intake frequencies, and rates of obesity in Cambodian women. A total 186 women, aged 20-69 years, living in Kampong Spue province of Cambodia and having the responsibility to prepare family meals participated in this study. Height and weight were measured body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and one-day 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaires were conducted. In total, 18.8% were underweight, 49.5% were normal weight, 13.4% were overweight, and 18.3% were obese according to the World Health Organization BMI standard for Asians. No significant difference in height by obesity level was determined ($p{\geq}0.05$). The mean energy intake was 1571.2 kcal/day and protein intake was 43.6 g/day. There were significant differences in protein, niacin, and vitamin C intakes by obesity level (p<0.05). The prevalence of subjects consuming vitamins and minerals less than 75% of Recommended Dietary Allowances was 73-99%. All Cambodian women consumed rice ${\geq}1time/day$. Approximately 50% of subjects reported ${\geq}1time/day$ intake frequency of bread, cookies, and chips. In total, 35% indicated no intake of beans or bean products. For intake frequencies of carbonated beverages and sports drinks, there was a significant difference by obesity level (p<0.05). These results may be very helpful to prepare nutrition education programs for Cambodian women.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.33-41
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyse the state of the energy industry and to determine the efficiency of its functioning on the basis of energy conservation principle and application of innovative technologies aimed at improving the ecological modernisation of agricultural sectors of Kazakhstan. The research methodology is based on an integrated approach of financial and economic evaluation of the effectiveness of the investment project, based on calculation of elasticity, total costs and profitability, as well as on comparative, graphical and system analysis. The current stage is characterised by widely spread restructuring processes of electric power industry in many countries through introduction of new technical installations of energy facilities and increased government regulation in order to enhance the competitive advantage of electricity market. Electric power industry features a considerable value of creating areas. For example, by providing scientific and technical progress, it crucially affects not only the development but also the territorial organisation of productive forces, first of all the industry. In modern life, more than 90% of electricity and heat is obtained by Kazakhstan's economy by consuming non-renewable energy resources: different types of coal, oil shale, oil, natural gas and peat. Therefore, it is significant to ensure energy security, as the country faces a rapid fall back to mono-gas structure of fuel and energy balance. However, energy resources in Kazakhstan are spread very unevenly. Its main supplies are concentrated in northern and central parts of the republic, and the majority of consumers of electrical power live in the southern and western areas of the country. However, energy plays an important role in the economy of industrial production and to a large extent determines the level of competitive advantage, which is a promising condition for implementation of energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies. In these circumstances, issues of modernisation and reforms of this sector in Kazakhstan gain more and more importance, which can be seen in the example of economically sustainable solutions of a large local monopoly company, significant savings in capital investment and efficiency of implementation of an investment project. A major disadvantage of development of electricity distribution companies is the prevalence of very high moral and physical amortisation of equipment, reaching almost 70-80%, which significantly increases the operating costs. For example, while an investment of 12 billion tenge was planned in 2009 in this branch, in 2012 it is planned to invest more than 17 billion. Obviously, despite the absolute increase, the rate of investment is still quite low, as the total demand in this area is at least more than 250 billion tenge. In addition, industrial infrastructure, including the objects of Kazakhstan electric power industry, have a tangible adverse impact on the environment. Thus, since there is a large number of various power projects that are sources of electromagnetic radiation, the environment is deteriorated. Hence, there is a need to optimise the efficiency of the organisation and management of production activities of energy companies, to create and implement new technologies, to ensure safe production and provide solutions to various environmental aspects. These are key strategic factors to ensure success of the modern energy sector of Kazakhstan. The contribution of authors in developing the scope of this subject is explained by the fact that there was not enough research in the energy sector, especially in the view of ecological modernisation. This work differs from similar works in Kazakhstan in the way that the proposed method of investment project calculation takes into account the time factor, which compares the current and future value of profit from the implementation of innovative equipment that helps to bring it to actual practise. The feasibility of writing this article lies in the need of forming a public policy in the industrial sector, including optimising the structure of energy disbursing rate, which complies with the terms of future modernised development of the domestic energy sector.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.237-248
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• 2014

Linear cutting test is known to be very effective to determine machine parameters (i.e. thrust force and torque) and to estimate penetration rate of TBM and other operation conditions. Although the linear cutting test has significant advantages, the test is expensive and time-consuming because it requires large size specimen and high load capacity of the testing machine. Therefore, a few empirical prediction models (e.g. CSM, NTNU and QTBM) alternatively adopt laboratory index tests to estimate design parameters of TBM. This study discusses the estimation method of TBM machine parameters and disc cutter consumption using punch penetration test and Cerchar abrasion test of which the researches are rare. The cutter forces and cutter consumption can be estimated by the empirical models derived from the relationship between laboratory test result with field data and linear cutting test data. In addition, the estimation process was programmed through which the design parameters of TBM (e.g. thrust, torque, penetration rate, and cutter consumption) are automatically estimated using laboratory test results.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.74-82
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• 2017

It is known that energy usage from Korean Universities was growing rapidly in the early 2000s. But since 2011, the change was caused by GHG emissions regulation enforced by the government. The purpose of this research was to find the characteristics and trends of greenhouse gas emissions from major universities in Korea according to the each university's data and information. The result shows that GHG emissions from University have increased steadily prior to enforcement by 4-5% annually, but the rate of increase marked 0.5~1% in 2011~2013 is the season of emission regulation and the total amount of emissions decreased 3%~5% in 2014~2015 while preparing an emissions trading scheme. Therefore we can say that the enforcement of GHG reduction such as energy target management system makes a visible effect at least in the University sector that level of GHG emissions is from $75kg/m^2$ to $58Kg/m^2$ for seven years. Another result says that the size of research fund is the main factor that affects the amount of GHG emissions before 2011, but the size of building area has been a new factor influencing the GHG emission since 2013. Thus we suggest that the criteria for evaluating the level of GHG emission from University is suitable if it is based on the building area intensity.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.544-550
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• 2013

This work investigated the environmental application of an underwater dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor consisting of a porous hydrophobic ceramic tube to the decolorization of an azo dyeing wastewater. The reactive species generated by the plasma are mostly short-lived, which also need to be transferred to the wastewater right after the formation. Moreover, the gas-liquid interfacial area should be as large as possible to increase the decolorization rate. The arrangement of the present wastewater treatment system capable of immediately dispersing the plasmatic gas as tiny bubbles makes it possible to effectively decolorize the dyeing wastewater alongside consuming less amount of electrical energy. The effect of discharge power, gas flow rate, dissolved anion and initial dye concentration on the decolorization was examined with dry air for the creation of plasma and amaranth as an azo dye. At a gas flow rate of $1.5Lmin^{-1}$, the good contact between the plasmatic gas and the wastewater was achieved, resulting in rapid decolorization. For an initial dye concentration of $40.2{\mu}molL^{-1}$ (volume : 0.8 L; discharge power : 3.37 W), it took about 25 min to attain a decolorization efficiency of above 99%. Besides, the decolorization rate increased with decreasing the initial dye concentration or increasing the discharge power. The presence of chlorine anion appeared to slightly enhance the decolorization rate, whereas the effect of dissolved nitrate anion was negligible.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.281-292
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• 2022

The lower elementary school grades are an important period in which eating habits are formed. We examined the relationship between eating habits and school meal intake in the lower grades of an elementary school in Seoul. The eating habits were investigated using the Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for children. The school meal intake rates and preferred menus were obtained by automatically scanning the plate before and after meals using an artificial intelligence food scanner. The average school meal intake rate for the 347 subjects was 68.5±12.2%, and the nutrient intakes through the school meals were 353.5±70.0 kcal of energy, 51.8±10.2 g of carbohydrates, 14.6±3.1 g of proteins, 10.3±2.3 g of fats, 87.0±20.0 mg of calcium, and 1.8±0.4 mg of iron. The preferred menus were rice, grilled food, and dairy products, and non-preferred menus were salad, beverages, and stewed food. The eating habits that showed a positive correlation with the school meal intake rate were 'Diverse side dishes (r=0.332, P<0.001)', 'Vegetable side dishes (r=0.166, P<0.01)', 'Kimchi side dish (r=0.230, P<0.001)' and 'Less TV watching and computer game time (r=0.105, P<0.05)'. The NQ score also showed a positive correlation with the rate of school meal intake (r=0.216, P<0.001). The balance score was positively correlated with fruit (r=0.192, P<0.001), and the diversity score had the highest positive correlation with Kimchi (r=0.362, P<0.001). The regularity score was positively correlated with fried food (r=0.114, P<0.05). In conclusion, it was found that elementary school students in the lower grades had a higher school meal intake rate when their eating habits included eating side dishes evenly, and consuming vegetable side dishes and Kimchi.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.61-73
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• 2010

This research is to analyze reasons for violation of the Self Carfree day policy. It also analyzes satisfaction of the policy participation incentives. The results are that the violation rate is increasing if the drivers live in a zone which is highly energy consuming, which has low potential demand per bus stop and low trip generation per number of houses, which therefore requires more bus routes and bus services, and in which the drivers pay more car operating fees and show less tendancy towards participation even with the 5-10% oil price increase. The results are significant at the 0.05 level.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.289-296
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• 2021

The Korean construction industry has been implementing G-SEED, a certification system that evaluates the environmental properties of buildings for the purpose of reducing environmental burdens such as energy and resource consumption and pollutant emissions. Also, creating a pleasant environment in general is one more purpose of G-SEED certification system. However, G-SEED certification in practice is difficult and time consuming due to the complexity of the certification acquisition process coupled with little economic consideration for the materials of each certification item. Therefore, in this study, we present a model for the optimal selection of materials and economic assessment using a genetic algorithm. The development of the model involves building a material database based on life-cycle costing (LCC) targeted at "Application of Indoor Air Pollutant Low Emission Material" from G-SEED. Next, the model was validated using a real non-residential building case study. The result shows an average cost reduction rate of 74.5 % compared with the existing cost. This model is expected to be used as an economically efficient tool in G-SEED.