• 제목/요약/키워드: energy barrier theory

검색결과 63건 처리시간 0.028초

SN2 반응의 반응경로 및 반응성에 관한 분자궤도함수 이론적 연구 (Molecular Orbital Studies on the Reaction Path and Reactivity of $S_N2$ Reactions. Determination of Reactivity by MO Theory (Part 69))

  • 이익춘;조정기;이해황;오혁근
    • 대한화학회지
    • /
    • 제34권3호
    • /
    • pp.239-247
    • /
    • 1990
  • 기체상 $S_N2$ 반응의 형태는 중성 2분자반응, 용매화반응, 이온반응 등으로 나눌 수 있으며, 메카니즘적으로 중성 2분자 반응은 retention 생성물을 만들며 이온반응은 inversion 생성물을 만든다. 한편 용매인 물 한 분자에 의하여 6- 중심 건이상태를 거치는 용매화반응의 경우는 친핵체(또는 이탈기)및 치환기에 의한 전자효과와 입체효과에 따라 두 생성물이 경쟁적으로 만들어진다. 여기에서 얻어진 결과를 이용하여 이온반응의 경우, 중앙 methly group을 매우 bulky 하게 하고 이탈기 능력을 크게 해줌과 동시에 음이온인 친핵체의 하전을 분산시켰을 때 inversion과 retention TS 사이의 에너지 차이가 아주 작게 나타났다. $S_N2$ 반응의 반응중심을 보다 더 큰 2주기 원소로 바꾸었을 때, 5가의 전이상태에 미치는 입체장애가 작아지므로 활성화에너지 장벽이 낮아진다. 반면, 같은 주기에서 원자의 크기가 작아지면 에너지 장벽은 올라간다. B원자의 경우 에너지 장벽이 가장 낮은데, 그것은 C와 N 원자보다도 더 크며 또한 4가의 전이상태를 이루므로 입체장애가 거의 무시되기 때문이다.

  • PDF

Characteristics of Molecular Band Energy Structure of Lipid Oxidized Mammalian Red Blood Cell Membrane by Air-based Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Treatment

  • Lee, Jin Young;Baik, Ku Youn;Kim, Tae Soo;Jin, Gi-Hyeon;Kim, Hyeong Sun;Bae, Jae Hyeok;Lee, Jin Won;Hwang, Seung Hyun;Uhm, Han Sup;Choi, Eun Ha
    • 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
    • /
    • pp.262.1-262.1
    • /
    • 2014
  • Lipid peroxidation induces functional deterioration of cell membrane and induces cell death in extreme cases. These phenomena are known to be related generally to the change of physical properties of lipid membrane such as decreased lipid order or increased water penetration. Even though the electric property of lipid membrane is important, there has been no report about the change of electric properties after lipid peroxidation. Herein, we demonstrate the molecular energy band change in red blood cell membrane through peroxidation by air-based atmospheric pressure DBD plasma treatment. Ion-induced secondary electron emission coefficient (${\gamma}$ value) was measured by using home-made gamma-focused ion beam (${\gamma}$-FIB) system and electron energy band was calculated based on the quantum mechanical Auger neutralization theory. The oxidized lipids showed higher gamma values and lower electron work functions, which implies the change of surface charging or electrical conductance. This result suggests that modified electrical properties should play a role in cell signaling under oxidative stress.

  • PDF

미세 배선 적용을 위한 Ta/Cu 적층 구조에 따른 계면접착에너지 평가 및 분석 (Effect of Ta/Cu Film Stack Structures on the Interfacial Adhesion Energy for Advanced Interconnects)

  • 손기락;김성태;김철;김가희;주영창;박영배
    • 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
    • /
    • 제28권1호
    • /
    • pp.39-46
    • /
    • 2021
  • Cu 배선(interconnect) 적용을 위한 다층박막의 적층 구조에 따른 최적 계면접착에너지(interfacial adhesion energy, Gc) 평가방법을 도출하기 위해, Ta, Cu 및 tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS-SiO2) 박막 계면의 정량적 계면접착에너지를 double cantilever beam(DCB) 및 4-점 굽힘(4-point bending, 4-PB) 시험법을 통해 비교 평가하였다. 평가결과, Ta확산방지층이 적용된 시편(Cu/Ta, Cu/Ta/TEOS-SiO2)에서는 두 가지 평가방법 모두 반도체 전/후 공정에서 박리가 발생하지 않는 산업체 통용 기준인 5 J/㎡ 보다 높게 측정되었다. Ta/Cu 시편의 경우 DCB 시험에서만 5 J/㎡ 보다 낮게 측정되었다. 또한, DCB시험 보다 4-PB시험으로 측정된 Gc가 더 높았다. 이는 계면파괴역학 이론에 따라 이종재료의 계면균열 선단에서 위상각의 증가로 인한 계면 거칠기 및 소성변형에 의한 에너지 손실이 증가 하는것에 기인한다. 4-PB시험결과, Ta/Cu 및 Cu/Ta계면은 5 J/㎡ 이상의 높은 계면접착에너지를 보이므로, 계면접착에너지 관점에서는 Ta는 Cu배선의 확산방지층(diffusion barrier layer) 및 피복층(capping layer)으로 적용 가능할 것으로 생각된다. 또한, 배선 집적공정 및 소자의 사용환경에서 열팽창 계수 차이에 의한 열응력 및 화학적-기계적 연마 (chemical mechanical polishing)에 의한 박리는 전단응력이 포함된 혼합모드의 영향이 크므로 4-PB 시험으로 측정된 Gc와 연관성이 더 클 것으로 판단된다.

스트레인을 받는 ZnTe/ZnMnTe 단일양자우물의 성장과 광발광 특성 (Growth and photoluminescence of the strained ZnTe/ZnMnTe single quantum well)

    • 한국결정성장학회지
    • /
    • 제12권6호
    • /
    • pp.269-269
    • /
    • 2002
  • 희박 자성 반도체 ZnMnTe를 장벽층으로 사용한 양질의 ZnTe/ZnMnTe 단일 양자우물 구조를 열벽적층 성장법으로 성장하였다. 고분해능 X-선 회절측정 결과 ZnTe 우물층이 강하게 스트레인을 받고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 광발광 측정으로부터 무거운 양공 엑시톤 (el-hhl)과 가벼운 양공 엑시톤 (el-lhl)의 매우 뾰족한 발광 크들이 나타남을 관측하였다. 또한 우물층의 두께가 증가함에 따라 (el-hhl)과 (el-lhl)의 엑시톤 관련 피크들은 낮은 에너지 쪽으로 이동하였다. 광발광 피크 세기의 온도에 따른 변화는 운반자들의 열적 활성화로 설명할 수 있었다.

스트레인을 받는 ZnTe/ZnMnTe 단일양자우물의 성장과 광발광 특성 (Growth and photoluminescence of the strained ZnTe/ZnMnTe single quantum well)

  • 최용대
    • 한국결정성장학회지
    • /
    • 제12권6호
    • /
    • pp.267-271
    • /
    • 2002
  • 희박 자성 반도체 ZnMnTe를 장벽층으로 사용한 양질의 ZnTe/ZnMnTe 단일 양자우물 구조를 열벽적층 성장법으로 성장하였다. 고분해능 X-선 회절측정 결과 ZnTe 우물층이 강하게 스트레인을 받고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 광발광 측정으로부터 무거운 양공 엑시톤 (el-hhl)과 가벼운 양공 엑시톤 (el-lhl)의 매우 뾰족한 발광 크들이 나타남을 관측하였다. 또한 우물층의 두께가 증가함에 따라 (el-hhl)과 (el-lhl)의 엑시톤 관련 피크들은 낮은 에너지 쪽으로 이동하였다. 광발광 피크 세기의 온도에 따른 변화는 운반자들의 열적 활성화로 설명할 수 있었다.

An Improved Theoretical Model to Explain Electronic and Optical Properties of p-Type GaAs/AlGaAs Superlattices for Multi-Wavelength Normal Incidence Photodetectors

  • Kim, Byoung-Whi;Choi, Eun-Chang;Park, Kwon-Chul;Kang, Seok-Youl
    • ETRI Journal
    • /
    • 제18권4호
    • /
    • pp.315-338
    • /
    • 1997
  • We extend our previous theoretical analysis of electronic and optical properties of p-type quantum well structures based on the two heavy- and light-hole system to include all the three valence bands. These theories are then used to clarify the origin of the normal incidence absorption and photo current at photon wavelengths of 2 - 3 ${\mu}m$, which was observed in addition to the absorption around 8 ${\mu}m$ by a recent experimental investigation with heavily doped p-type GaAs/AlGaAs multi-quantum well (MQW) structures. In the theoretical analysis, the Hartree and exchange-correlation many-body interactions are taken into account within one-particle local density approximation, and it is shown that normal incidence absorption occurs in two wavelength regions over the transition energy range higher than barrier height for p-type GaAs/AlGaAs superlattices with well doping of $2{\times}10^{19}\;cm^{-3}$; one region has broad absorption peaks with coefficients of about 5000 $cm^{-1}$ around 8 ${\mu}m$, and the other has two rather sharp peaks at 2.7 ${\mu}m$ and 3.4 ${\mu}m$ with 1800 $cm^{-1}$ and 1300 $cm^{-1}$, respectively. The result indicates that the theory explains the experimental observation well, as the theoretical and experimental results are in close agreement in general absorption features.

  • PDF

Electroreflectance 측정에 의한 Si이 첨가된 $Al_{0.32}Ga_{0.68}As$에서의 $E_1$ 전이에 대한 연구 (A Study on $E_1$Transition in Si-Doped $Al_{0.32}Ga_{0.68}As$by Electroreflectance Measurement)

  • 김동렬;손정식;김근형;이철욱;배인호
    • 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
    • /
    • 제11권9호
    • /
    • pp.687-692
    • /
    • 1998
  • Silicon doped $Al_{0.32}Ga_{0.68}As$ were growth by molecular beam epitaxy. Electroreflectance(ER) spectra of the $E_1$ transition of Schottky barrier Au/n-$Al_{0.32}Ga_{0.68}As$ have been measured at various modulation voltage($V_{ac}$) and dc bias voltage($V_{bias}$). from the $E_1$peak, band gap energy of the $Al_{0.32}Ga_{0.68}As$ is 1.883 eV which corresponds to an Al composition of 32%. As modulation voltage($V_{bias}$) is changed, a line shape at the $E_1$transition does not change, but its amplitude varies linearly. The amplitude of $E_1$signal decrease with increasing the forward dc bias voltage($V_{bias}$), but the line shape does not change. It suggests that the low field theory rather than Franz-Keldysh oscillation is Required to interpret spectra. Also, spectra at the $E_1$transition were broadened with increasing the reverse dc bias voltage($V_{bias}$) which suggests the presence of Field-induced broadening.

  • PDF

Interaction of Di-Methylaluminum Groups with Hydroxyl Groups on a Fully Hydroxyl-Terminated Si (001) Surface

  • Kim, Dae-Hee;Kim, Dae-Hyun;Kim, Yeong-Cheol;Seo, Hwa-Il
    • Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
    • /
    • 제11권1호
    • /
    • pp.11-14
    • /
    • 2010
  • The interaction of -$Al(CH_3)_2$ with -OH on a fully OH-terminated Si (001) surface was studied using density functional theory. Two sites for $Al(CH_3)_3$ to react with the -OH on the surface were identified. The $-Al(CH_3)_2$ product energetically favored the dimer-row site rather than the inter-row site because the Al atom of $-Al(CH_3)_2$ at the dimer-row site was attracted by the lone pair electrons of the O atom in the neighboring -OH. The energy barrier for the transfer of the $-Al(CH_3)_2$ between the two sites was 0.11 eV, and therefore, the $-Al(CH_3)_2$ at the inter-row site can easily transfer to the dimer-row site at room temperature.

Molecular dynamics studies of interaction between hydrogenand carbon nano-carriers

  • Wang, Yun-Che;Wu, Chun-Yi;Chen, Chi;Yang, Ding-Shen
    • Coupled systems mechanics
    • /
    • 제3권4호
    • /
    • pp.329-344
    • /
    • 2014
  • In this work, quantum molecular dynamics simulations (QMD) are preformed to study the hydrogen molecules in three types of carbon nanostructures, $C_{60}$ fullerene, (5,5) and (9,0) carbon nanotubes and graphene layers. Interactions between hydrogen and the nanostructures is of importance to understand hydrogen storage for the development of hydrogen economy. The QMD method overcomes the difficulties with empirical interatomic potentials to model the interaction among hydrogen and carbon atoms in the confined geometry. In QMD, the interatomic forces are calculated by solving the Schrodinger's equation with the density functional theory (DFT) formulation, and the positions of the atomic nucleus are calculated with the Newton's second law in accordance with the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. It is found that the number of hydrogen atoms that is less than 58 can be stored in the $C_{60}$ fullerene. With larger carbon fullerenes, more hydrogen may be stored. For hydrogen molecules passing though the fullerene, a particular orientation is required to obtain least energy barrier. For carbon nanotubes and graphene, adsorption may adhere hydrogen atoms to carbon atoms. In addition, hydrogen molecules can also be stored inside the nanotubes or between the adjacent layers in graphite, multi-layer graphene.

Prevention of thin film failures for 5.0-inch TFT arrays on plastic substrates

  • Seo, Jong-Hyun;Jeon, Hyung-Il;Nikulin, Ivan;Lee, Woo-Jae;Rho, Soo-Guy;Hong, Wang-Su;Kim, Sang-Il;Hong, Munpyo;Chung, Kyuha
    • 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 한국정보디스플레이학회 2005년도 International Meeting on Information Displayvol.I
    • /
    • pp.700-702
    • /
    • 2005
  • A 5.0-inch transmissive type plastic TFT arrays were successfully fabricated on a plastic substrate at the resolution of $400{\times}3{\times}300$ lines (100ppi). All of the TFT processes were carried out below $150^{\circ}C$ on PES plastic films. After thin film deposition using PECVD, thin film failures such as film delamination and cracking often occurred. For successful growth of thin films (about 1um) without their failures, it is necessary to solve the critical problem related to the internal compressive stress (some GPa) leading to delamination at a threshold thickness value of the films. The Griffith's theory explains the failure process by looking at the excess of elastic energy inside the film, which overcomes the cohesive energy between film and substrate. To increase the above mentioned threshold thickness value there are two possibilities: (i) the improvement of the interface adhesion (for example, through surface micro-roughening and/or surface activation), and (ii) the reduction of the internal stress. In this work, reducing a-Si layer film thickness and optimizing a barrier SiNx layer have produced stable CVD films at 150oC, over PES substrates

  • PDF