• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.521-536
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• 2017

Reinforced concrete core-wall structures with buckling-restrained brace outriggers are interesting systems which have the ability to absorb and dissipate energy during strong earthquakes. Outriggers can change the energy demand in a tall building. In this paper, the energy demand was studied by using the nonlinear time history analysis for the mentioned systems. First, the structures were designed according to the prescriptive codes. In the dynamic analysis, three approaches for the core-wall were investigated: single plastic hinge (SPH), three plastic hinge (TPH) and extended plastic hinge (EPH). For SPH approach, only one plastic hinge is allowed at the core-wall base. For TPH approach, three plastic hinges are allowed, one at the base and two others at the upper levels. For EPH approach, the plasticity can extend anywhere in the wall. The kinetic, elastic strain, inelastic and damping energy demand subjected to forward directivity near-fault and ordinary far-fault earthquakes were studied. In SPH approach for all near-fault and far-fault events, on average, more than 65 percent of inelastic energy is absorbed by buckling-restrained braces in outrigger. While in TPH and EPH approaches, outrigger contribution to inelastic energy demand is reduced. The contribution of outrigger to inelastic energy absorption for the TPH and EPH approaches does not differ significantly. The values are approximately 25 and 30 percent, respectively.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.34-46
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• 2002

Carbon accounting is a key issue in the discussions on global warming/CO$_2$mitigation. This paper applies both the IPCC Approach and the NEAT (Non-Energy use Emission Accounting Tables) model, a bottom-up approach, to estimate the potential CO$_2$ emissions (carbon storage) originating from the non-energy use as to assess the actual CO$_2$ emissions (carbon release) from the use of fossil fuels in Korea. The current Korean carbon accounting seems to overestimate the potential CO$_2$ emissions and with it to underestimate the actual CO$_2$ emissions. The estimation shows that the potential CO$_2$ emissions calculated according to the IPCC Approach are lower than those calculated using the NEAT model. This is because the IPCC default storage fraction for naphtha seems to be low for the Korean petrochemical production structure, on the one hand and because the IPCC Approach does not consider the trade with short life petrochemical products, on the other hand. This paper shows that a bottom-up approach like the NEAT model can contribute to overcome some of limitations of the IPCC guidelines, especially by considering the international trade with short life petrochemical products and by estimating the storage fractions of fossil fuels used as feedstocks for the country in consideration. This paper emphasizes the importance of accurate energy statistics for carbon accounting.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.68-75
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• 2013

This paper presents a scheme to improve transient stability using Newton's Approach for generation rescheduling. For a given contingency, the energy margin and sensitivities are computed. The bigger energy margin sensitivity of generator is, the more the generation of the generator effects to the transient stability. According to energy margin sensitivity, the control variables of generation rescheduling are selected. The fuel cost function is used as objective function to reallocate power generation. The results are compared to the results of time simulation to show its the effectiveness.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.552-557
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• 2011

This paper presents experimental results on the energy-bounding approach to a rate-mode bilateral teleoperation control that can guarantee the robust system stability in variable time-delayed telecommunication environments. Previously, rate-mode energy bounding approach [15] was proposed and verified with experimental results using the simulated remote slave model. In this paper, a real experimental setup using an industrial robot (Denso) as a remote slave robot composed and conducted similar experiments with previous paper. In order to guarantee stability of the Denso when contacting with high impedance wall, velocity based impedance control modified by position based is used. Experimental results show that the rate-mode energy bounding approach can guarantee stable bilateral teleoperation system in the free and contact motion with variable time delay.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.55-58
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• 2015

The mesoporous metal organic framework structure Fe-BTC was successfully synthesized by hydrothermal process with noticeable yield. The synthesis operation was conducted at intermediate temperature and for shortened operation time as compared to conventional procedures. This process approach with reduced operating temperature and shortened operation time may open an opportunity window towards process economy with reduction in energy consumption. A simple mathematical approach of diffraction indexing using X-ray diffraction patterns of synthesized powder was employed to confirm its crystalline nature and to investigate its high temperature stability. The crystallite size was calculated by using Debye-Scherrer equation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.228-236
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• 2004

Two varieties of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L cv. Pioneer and Beaver) and timothy (Phleum pratense L cv. Climax and Joliette), grown at different locations in Saskatchewan (Canada), were cut at three stages [1=one week before commercial cut (early bud for alfalfa; joint for timothy); 2=at commercial cut (late bud for alfalfa; pre-bloom head for timothy); 3=one week after commercial cut (early bloom for alfalfa; full head for timothy)]. The energy values of forages were determined using three approaches, including chemical (NRC 2001 formula) and biological approaches (standard in vitro and in situ assay). The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of forage variety and stage of maturity on energy values under the climate conditions of western Canada, and to investigate relationship between chemical (NRC 2001 formula) approach and biological approaches (in vitro and in situ assay) on prediction of energy values. The results showed that, in general, forage species (alfalfa vs. timothy) and cutting stage had profound impacts, but the varieties within each species (Pioneer vs. Beaver in alfalfa; Climax vs. Joliette in timothy) had minimal effects on energy values. As forage maturity increased, the energy contents behaved in a quadratic fashion, increasing at stage 2 and then significantly decreasing at stage 3. However, the prediction methods-chemical approach (NRC 2001 formula) and biological approaches (in vitro and in situ assay) had great influences on energy values. The highest predicted energy values were found by using the in situ approach, the lowest prediction value by using the NRC 2001 formula, and the intermediate values by the in vitro approach. The in situ results may be most accurate because it is closest to simulate animal condition. The energy values measured by biological approaches are not predictable by the chemical approach in this study, indicating that a refinement is needed in accurately predicting energy values.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.59 no.5
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• pp.885-899
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• 2016

The energy-based approach to predict the fatigue crack growth behavior under constant and variable amplitude loading (VAL) of the aluminum alloy 2024 T351 has been investigated and detailed analyses discussed. Firstly, the plastic strain energy was determined per cycle for different block load tests. The relationship between the crack advance and hysteretic energy dissipated per block can be represented by a power law. Then, an analytical model to estimate the lifetime for each spectrum is proposed. The results obtained are compared with the experimentally measured results and the models proposed by Klingbeil's model and Tracey's model. The evolution of the hysteretic energy dissipated per block is shown similar with that observed under constant amplitude loading.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.3683-3703
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• 2018

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of set of sensor nodes. These sensor nodes are deployed in unattended area which are able to sense, process and transmit data to the base station (BS). One of the primary issues of WSN is energy efficiency. In many existing clustering approaches, initial centroids of cluster heads (CHs) are chosen randomly and they form unbalanced clusters, results more energy consumption. In this paper, an energy efficient clustering protocol to prevent unbalanced clusters based on firefly and midpoint algorithms called EEC-FM has been proposed, where midpoint algorithm is used for initial centroid of CHs selection and firefly is used for cluster formation. Using residual energy and Euclidean distance as the parameters for appropriate cluster formation of the proposed approach produces balanced clusters to eventually balance the load of CHs and improve the network lifetime. Simulation result shows that the proposed method outperforms LEACH-B, BPK-means, Park's approach, Mk-means, and EECPK-means with respect to balancing of clusters, energy efficiency and network lifetime parameters. Simulation result also demonstrate that the proposed approach, EEC-FM protocol is 45% better than LEACH-B, 17.8% better than BPK-means protocol, 12.5% better than Park's approach, 9.1% better than Mk-means, and 5.8% better than EECPK-means protocol with respect to the parameter half energy consumption (HEC).

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 2017

This paper concerns two new analytical approaches for solving high nonlinear vibration equations. Energy Balance method and Hamiltonian Approach are presented and successfully applied for nonlinear vibration equations. In these approaches, there is no need to use small parameters to solve and only with one iteration, high accurate results are reached. Numerical procedures are also presented to compare the results of analytical and numerical ones. It has been established that, the proposed approaches are in good agreement with numerical solutions.

• Korean Journal of Hydrosciences
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• v.8
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• pp.57-68
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• 1997

The daily soil water contents were obtained from the time domain reflectometry(TDR) method and energy balance-water budget approach with eddy correlation at the two small semiarid watersheds of Lucky Hills and Kendall during the summer rainy period. There was a comaprison of daily soil water content measured and estimated from these two different approaches. The comparison is valuable to evaluate the accuracy of current soil water content measuring system using TDR and energy balance-water budget approach using eddy correlation method at a small watershed scale. The degree of simiarity between the regressions of these two methods of measuring soil water content was explained by determining the correlations between these methods. Simple linear regression analyses showed that soil water content measured from TDR method was responsible for 58% and 63% of the variations estimated from energy balance-water budget approach with edy correlation at Lucky Hills and Kendall, respectively. The scatter plots and the regression analyses revealed that two different approaches for soil water content measurement at a small watershed scale have no significant difference.